English Practice Paragraphs

CTET English Practice Paragraphs

 

 

The story unfolds as a young seagull faces the challenge of learning to fly. Alone on the ledge, the bird is gripped by fear and hesitates to take flight, unlike its siblings. The parents, resorting to shrill calls and scolding, attempt to coax the young seagull into flying. The narrative follows the unfolding drama of hunger driving the bird to attempt flight as it spots a piece of fish just out of reach. In a moment of impulsiveness, the seagull dives for the fish, inadvertently flapping its wings and soaring towards its first flight. Surprisingly, the bird lands on the water, marking a triumphant and unexpected moment. The family, overjoyed by this achievement, celebrates by offering scraps of dog-fish to the young seagull. This tale explores themes of fear, courage, and the instinctual drive for survival that pushes the bird to overcome challenges.

 

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs):

 

1. What is the main challenge faced by the young seagull in the story?

·        Swimming

·        Flying

·        Finding food

·        Building a nest

 

2. How do the parents try to encourage the young seagull to fly?

·        Offering food

·        Scolding and threatening

·        Building a nest

·        Singing lullabies

 

3. What does the young seagull resort to eating when stranded on the ledge?

·        Fish

·        Scraps of dog-fish

·        Dried eggshell fragments

·        Worms

 

4. What motivates the young seagull to attempt flight?

·        A desire to impress its siblings

·        Hunger and the sight of a piece of fish

·        Fear of its parents

·        Curiosity about the surroundings

 

5. What unexpected event occurs when the seagull dives for the fish?

·        It crashes into the ledge

·        It lands on the water

·        It catches the fish effortlessly

·        It loses its balance and falls

 

6. How do the family members react to the young seagull's achievement?

·        They scold the bird

·        They ignore it

·        They celebrate and offer scraps of dog-fish

·        They fly away

 

7. What is the central theme explored in the story?

·        Friendship

·        Fear and courage

·        The importance of singing

·        Building a nest

 

8. What does the young seagull learn to do by the end of the story?

·        Singing

·        Building a nest

·        Swimming

·        Flying

 

 

The question of education sparks significant debate, with differing schools of thought offering contrasting views. One perspective advocates for a focused curriculum, emphasizing that students should concentrate on a limited range of subjects directly relevant to their future careers. On the opposing side, there is a belief in a broader education, suggesting that students should engage in a diverse array of subjects. This approach aims to equip them not only with specialized knowledge for their chosen professions but also with a comprehensive understanding of the world they will navigate.

Proponents of the narrow-focused theory argue that individuals who excel in their specific trades or professions make the greatest contributions to civilization. Expertise in a particular field is seen as crucial for impactful achievements. Conversely, supporters of a well-rounded education emphasize the importance of a broad general knowledge base. They assert that without such education, experts may possess a narrow outlook, lacking empathy for their fellow beings and a comprehensive sense of responsibility toward humanity at large.

The clash between these ideologies underscores the ongoing debate about the purpose and structure of education, as stakeholders grapple with defining the most effective approach to prepare individuals for their future roles in society.

 

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)

 

1. What is the primary debate discussed in the passage?

·        A) The benefits of technology in education

·        B) The impact of extracurricular activities on students

·        C) The question of education and its focus

·        D) The role of parents in academic success

 

2. What does one school of thought advocate regarding students' subjects of concentration?

·        A wide range of subjects

·        A narrow range of subjects

·        Extracurricular activities only

·        No specific focus on subjects

 

3. What is the opposing viewpoint regarding students' subjects of study?

·        A narrow range of subjects

·        A wide range of subjects

·        No specific focus on subjects

·        Extracurricular activities only

 

4. According to narrow-focused advocates, who makes the greatest contributions to civilization?

·        A) Generalists

·        B) Experts in their trade or profession

·        C) Those with a broad education

·        D) Individuals with no specific expertise

 

5. What is the emphasis of those supporting a well-rounded education?

·        A) Narrow expertise

·        B) General knowledge

·        C) Limited subjects

·        D) Professional narrowness

 

6. Why do proponents of a well-rounded education argue for a broad general knowledge base?

·        A) To foster empathy and responsibility

·        B) To limit students' career options

·        C) To narrow students' outlook

·        D) To discourage expertise in specific fields

 

7. What is the central clash between the two ideologies discussed in the passage?

·        A) The impact of technology on education

·        B) The role of extracurricular activities

·        C) The purpose and structure of education

·        D) The influence of parents on academic success

 

8. What is the passage's overall theme?

·        A) The benefits of diverse career options

·        B) The importance of technology in education

·        C) The debate over the focus of education

·        D) The influence of parents on students' choices

 

In Jonah Lehrer's new book, he delves into the catalysts behind groundbreaking inventions by analyzing extraordinary case studies. One such case involves Arthur Fry, an engineer at 3M, who got the idea for a perfect bookmark during a daydream in church. Frustrated with bookmarks frequently falling out of his hymn book, Fry recalled a colleague's talk about a weak glue he had developed at 3M. This seemingly feeble glue, Fry realized, could be the key to creating a bookmark that stays in place.

 

Lehrer, a contributing editor at 'Wired' and contributor to 'The New Yorker,' explores the mysteries of imagination and the science of innovation through such creation myths. The book makes scientific concepts accessible to the lay reader, offering practical insights for self-improvement along the way. It suggests that by applying these insights, individuals can potentially maximize their creative output.

 

Drawing on the philosophy of David Hume from the 18th century, Lehrer emphasizes that invention often involves recombination—an act of compounding ideas or shifting them between fields. He cites examples like Johannes Gutenberg, who transformed knowledge of wine presses into the concept of a printing machine for mass-producing words, and George De Mestral, who conceived Velcro after observing burrs clinging to his dog's fur. Lehrer highlights that these instances demonstrate the radical concept as a new mixture of old ideas and thinking outside the box.

 

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)

 

1. What is the common symbol in cartoons representing a new idea?

·        A) Lightning bolt

·        B) Candle flame

·        C) Light bulb

·        D) Speech bubble

 

2. What sparked Arthur Fry's idea for the perfect bookmark?

·        A) A colleague's hymn book

·        B) A discussion in church

·        C) A colleague's talk about weak glue

·        D) A presentation at 3M

 

3. How does Jonah Lehrer approach scientific concepts in his book?

·        A) Keeps them complex for expert readers

·        B) Makes them approachable to the lay reader

·        C) Excludes them from the narrative

·        D) Ignores scientific concepts entirely

 

4. What is the implied benefit of applying the insights from Lehrer's book?

·        A) Minimizing creative output

·        B) Reducing self-improvement

·        C) Maximizing creative output

·        D) Ignoring practical insights

 

5. According to David Hume, what was often the nature of invention?

·        A) A solitary act

·        B) Recombination of ideas

·        C) Exclusive to scientific fields

·        D) An act of creation from scratch

 

6. What example does Lehrer use to illustrate invention through recombination?

·        A) Arthur Fry's glue discovery

·        B) George De Mestral's Velcro invention

·        C) Johannes Gutenberg's printing machine

·        D) All of the above

 

7. What is the key concept emphasized in Lehrer's book regarding invention?

·        A) Creation from scratch

·        B) Old ideas as obstacles

·        C) Recombination of ideas

·        D) Limited thinking within a field

 

8. How does Lehrer describe the radical concept in invention?

·        A) A completely new idea

·        B) An ancient concept

·        C) A mixture of old ideas in a new way

·        D) A predictable outcome

 

 

The present generation of youth is often hailed as more intelligent and hardworking than their predecessors, benefitting from increased educational facilities. However, the absence of proper guidance sometimes leads them to pursue academic qualifications without a clear direction. While some achieve high marks, others face average or below-average results. With a surplus of qualified candidates and limited job opportunities, a significant portion of educated youth struggles with unemployment, causing widespread frustration and depression.

 

To address the issue of educated unemployment, a dual approach involving guidance and grooming is essential. Many young individuals, influenced by peers rather than informed decisions, neglect valuable advice from parents and set themselves on paths without clear objectives. Parents with limited education may view academic qualifications as the ultimate achievement, contributing to this dilemma. It is crucial for young students to seek guidance from school counselors, considering their aptitude, skills, and interests to select a suitable course of study.

 

Beyond pursuing academic excellence, young individuals should focus on developing proficiency in technical fields such as information technology, computer science, biotechnology, biochemistry, and consumer services. Redirecting their youthful energy toward these areas not only enhances their employability but also equips them to launch their own projects, potentially creating job opportunities for others. By aligning education with individual strengths and industry demands, the youth can overcome the challenges of unemployment and contribute meaningfully to the workforce.

 

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)

 

1. What is the primary issue faced by the educated youth, according to the passage?

·        Lack of facilities for education

·        Limited job opportunities

·        Inadequate academic qualifications

·        Absence of hardworking youth

 

2. How does the passage describe the present generation of youth?

·        Less intelligent and lazy

·        More intelligent and hardworking

·        Less skilled and unambitious

·        Uninterested in education

 

3. What is identified as a contributing factor to the problem of educated unemployment?

·        A) Lack of guidance

·        B) Excessive facilities for education

·        C) Parental interference

·        D) Limited interest in academic qualifications

 

4. What does the passage suggest regarding the influence on young individuals' decision-making?

·        Peers provide valuable advice

·        Parents are the primary influencers

·        Guidance from school counselors is crucial

·        Young individuals are self-directed

 

5. In which fields does the passage recommend proficiency development for young individuals?

·        Agriculture and manufacturing

·        Arts and literature

·        Technical fields like information technology

·        Social sciences and humanities

 

6. How does the passage propose to address the issue of educated unemployment?

·        A) Enhancing academic qualifications

·        B) Launching personal projects

·        C) Seeking guidance and grooming

·        D) Pursuing job opportunities abroad

 

7. According to the passage, what is the consequence of blind decision-making among young individuals?

·        Academic excellence

·        Chain of guidance

·        Fruitful employment

·        Blind leading the blind

 

8. What is the suggested outcome if young individuals align education with industry demands?

   - A) Increased unemployment

   - B) Limited job opportunities

   - C) Meaningful contribution to the workforce

   - D) Inadequate academic qualifications

 

 

 

Maddy's gaze lingered on her mother winding the old clock with its peculiar key, a routine accompanied by the scraping of forks and the remnants of family dinners. The relentless ticking of the clock, perched at the end of the hall on the white carpet, grated on Maddy's nerves. The clock, a loncase left by a previous owner, stood as a solemn observer during these seemingly pointless family gatherings. The dinners, always at 6 o'clock sharp, stretched until the clock was wound, a ritual that consumed 13 years of Maddy's life in monotonous boredom.

 

The loncase clock, adorned with black numbers, wiry hands, and a silver pendulum behind smokey glass, held an air of mystery. Left by unknown predecessors, it bore no decorative scenes but stood tall, imposing, and faded. Maddy's brothers steered clear of it at night, and even the cat, now absent, used to avoid its presence. The clock's glow in the dark resembled a pale-faced ghost or a porcelain reaper with shadowy arms. Amidst the chaos of family activities, Maddy's mother would harmonize with the pendulum's rhythm, while the boys engaged in playful wrestling, the grandmother napped by the television, and the nurse painted her nails. Throughout, Maddy's mother maintained her smile and hummed, seemingly oblivious to the silent rebellion taking place against the tyranny of the clock.

 

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)

 

1. What is the significant event that Maddy recalls during family dinners?

·        The cat's disappearance

·        Winding the old clock

·        Playing tag with her brothers

·        Grandmother's nap

    

2. What bothers Maddy about the family dinners?

·        A) The absence of her cat

·        B) The ticking of the clock

·        C) Grandmother's nap

·        D) Brothers playing tag

 

3. How would you describe the loncase clock?

·        Colorful and vibrant

·        Modern and sleek

·        Imposing and mysterious

·        Transparent and delicate

 

4. What does the clock's face lack in terms of decoration?

·        Birds and farm scenes

·        Flowers and patterns

·        Black numbers and wiry hands

·        Colorful illustrations

 

5. Why do Maddy's brothers avoid the clock at night?

·        It is too tall

·        It is too heavy

·        It is a family tradition

·        It is broken

 

6. How does Maddy's mother react during the family dinners?

·        Frowning and complaining

·        Singing and humming

·        Ignoring everyone

·        Scolding the brothers

 

7. What is the clock's appearance during the dark?

·        Bright and colorful

·        Pale-faced ghost or porcelain reaper

·        Transparent and glowing

·        Minimalist and sleek

 

8. What does Maddy perceive as the monotony in her life?

·        Family dinners

·        The absence of her cat

·        Winding the clock

·        Pendulum's rhythm

 

 

The planet Venus was abuzz with excitement as Venusian scientists achieved a significant milestone by successfully landing an unmanned spacecraft on Earth. This historic event marked the first-ever attempt to explore Earth from Venus, and the unmanned craft had been diligently transmitting signals and photographs back to Venus since its arrival.

 

The chosen landing site on Earth was named Gonebay, in honor of the esteemed Venusian astronomer Professor Gonebay, who had discovered this area with his telescope 200,000 light years ago. The valuable data gathered from this mission provided crucial insights into the feasibility of a manned spacecraft landing on Earth. A press conference was convened at the Venus Institute of Technology to share the findings.

 

Professor Bright, leading the scientific team, made a startling announcement during the press conference. He declared, "We have concluded, based on last week's landing, that there is no life on Earth."

 

Curious, a science reporter from the Venus Evening Standard questioned, "How can you be certain of this?"

 

Professor Bright provided two compelling reasons. Firstly, the Earth's surface in the Gonebay region was composed of a lethal soil where nothing could thrive. Secondly, the atmosphere was filled with carbon monoxide and other deadly gases, making it impossible for any living being to breathe and survive.

 

Persisting with the inquiry, the reporter pointed out, "But the photographs show some movement, and there might be millions of crawling beings."

 

Professor Bright dismissed this notion, stating, "They may be crawling, but they are not living by Venusian standards. These crawling objects, referred to as 'human beings,' inhale and exhale such deadly gases that they lost the ability to sustain life long ago."

 

Pressed further on the prospect of Venusians landing on Earth, Professor Bright delivered a grim verdict. "Certainly, they will die. If we decide to land our people in any of the concrete jungles on Earth, we'll have to bring our own oxygen to ensure their survival."

 

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)

 

1. What was the recent achievement of Venusian scientists?

·        Landing on Mars

·        Landing on Venus

·        Landing on Earth

·        Exploring Jupiter

 

2. What was the chosen landing site on Earth called?

·        Venusian Base

·        Gonebay

·        Earth Base

·        Professor Ground

 

3. Who discovered the landing area with a telescope 200,000 light years ago?

·        Professor Bright

·        Professor Gonebay

·        The science reporter

·        The Venusian team

  

 

4. What did Professor Bright conclude about life on Earth?

·        A) Abundant life

·        B) Possibility of life

·        C) No life

·        D) Uncertain

 

5. What was the condition of the Earth's surface in the Gonebay area?

·        Lush vegetation

·        Deadly soil

·        Fertile land

·        Barren landscape

  

 

6. What deadly gases did Professor Bright mention in Earth's atmosphere?

·        Oxygen and nitrogen

·        Carbon dioxide and oxygen

·        Carbon monoxide and other deadly gases

·        Hydrogen and helium

  

 

7. What did the photographs from Earth show?

·        Still images

·        No movement

·        Some movement and crawling beings

·        Only landscapes

 

8. What did Professor Bright suggest about the possibility of Venusians landing on Earth?

·        They will thrive

·        They will face challenges

·        They will bring their own oxygen

·        They won't land

 

The fossilized remains of pterosaurs, the earliest flying vertebrates, have captivated paleontologists for over two centuries, sparking inquiries into how these large creatures, with wingspans ranging from 8 to 12 meters, achieved powered flight. Central questions revolve around whether these creatures were reptiles or birds.

 

One widely accepted assertion is that pterosaurs were reptiles, supported by reptilian features in their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet. Despite their impressive wingspans, the anatomical structure of their wings differentiates them from birds. In pterosaurs, the elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a wing-like membrane, contrasting with birds where the second finger serves as the primary wing strut. Additionally, both pterosaurs and birds share the efficiency of hollow bones for reduced weight, but birds reinforce these bones more substantially with internal struts.

 

While reptiles typically exhibit scales, recent discoveries suggest that pterosaurs likely had hairy coats. A specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hair-like fossil material provides compelling evidence supporting this hypothesis.

 

The mystery of how pterosaurs achieved flight has generated various theories, including launching themselves by jumping from cliffs, dropping from trees, or taking advantage of light winds from wave crests. The intricate details of their adaptation to flight continue to intrigue scientists as they unravel the complexities of these ancient flying vertebrates.

 

 

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)

 

1. What has intrigued paleontologists about the fossil remains of pterosaurs?

·        Their size

·        Their wing structure

·        Their adaptation to flight

·        All of the above

 

2. What is the least controversial assertion about pterosaurs?

·        They were birds

·        They were reptiles

·        They had feathers

·        They had internal struts in their bones

 

3. Which finger served as the primary wing strut in pterosaurs?

·        First finger

·        Second finger

·        Third finger

·        Fourth finger

 

4. What anatomical feature do pterosaurs and birds share for weight reduction?

·        Hollow bones

·        Internal struts

·        Elongated tails

·        Feathered wings

 

5. How do the wings of pterosaurs differ from those of birds?

·        They have a greater number of fingers

·        They lack a wing-like membrane

·        They have an elongated second finger

·        They have internal struts

 

6. What recent discovery supports the idea that pterosaurs likely had hairy coats?

·        Feathered fossils

·        Scaled skin remains

·        Hair-like fossil material

·        Internal struts in bones

 

7. What is a common theory about how pterosaurs achieved flight?

·        Jumping from cliffs

·        Climbing trees

·        Running on the ground

·        Gliding from high places

 

8. What do pterosaurs and birds share in terms of bone structure?

·        Reinforcement with internal struts

·        Solid bones for strength

·        Absence of hollow bones

·        Cartilaginous bones

 

In the past, the elderly were revered symbols of tradition, respect, wisdom, and experience, playing pivotal roles in guiding and controlling the destinies of joint families. However, the dynamics shifted with urbanization and industrialization, leading to the disintegration of joint families and the emergence of nuclear families. This transformation has adversely affected the elderly, who often find themselves ignored in the nuclear family setup. Modernization has altered societal perceptions, viewing the aged as burdens and non-productive entities. The decline of their role as family heads has stripped them of authority, respect, and prestige. The changing values and increased dependence on sons and daughters-in-law have compounded their challenges.

 

The elderly now face marginalization, alienation, and exclusion from the mainstream, experiencing neglect, lack of respect, verbal taunts, intergenerational stress, and communication gaps. Old age homes, once viewed as a refuge, become the only peaceful spaces where the elderly feel loved and cared for. In the current scenario, the necessity for old age homes has surged, becoming essential for the elderly to lead peaceful and content lives among those who share and genuinely care for them.

 

 

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)

 

1. What were the elderly considered symbols of in the past?

·        Modernization

·        Tradition, respect, wisdom, and experience

·        Urbanization

·        Industrialization

 

2. What impact did urbanization and industrialization have on joint families?

·        Strengthened joint family bonds

·        Led to the emergence of nuclear families

·        Enhanced the role of the elderly

·        Promoted traditional values

 

3. How has the disintegration of joint families affected the elderly?

·        Increased their authority

·        Improved their status

·        Led to neglect in nuclear families

·        Strengthened family bonds

 

4. What is the perception of the elderly in the modern era?

·        Symbols of tradition

·        Burdens and non-productive entities

·        Authorities with prestige

·        Integral parts of the family

 

5. What has contributed to the decline of the elderly's authority in families?

·        Joint family values

·        Urbanization

·        Dependence on sons and daughters-in-law

·        Modernization

 

6. In what way are the elderly marginalized and alienated?

·        A) Increased authority

·        B) Enhanced communication

·        C) Lack of respect and neglect

·        D) Strong family bonds

 

7. Where do the elderly often find love and care in the modern scenario?

·        Nuclear families

·        Joint families

·        Old age homes

·        Workplace

 

8. What has become essential for the elderly to lead peaceful lives?

·        Modernization

·        Joint families

·        Old age homes

·        Urbanization

 

 

Upon learning that her 72-year-old mother engaged in a solitary game of scrabble against herself, the narrator felt compelled to intervene. In an attempt to keep her mind sharp, the mother devised a unique competition between her right hand and left hand, highlighting her determination to combat loneliness. Recognizing the limitations of this solitary scrabble, the narrator, along with her husband, introduced a computer opponent by gifting her an old PC. This marked the beginning of the mother's foray into the world of computers, becoming an unexpected teaching assignment for the narrator. Initially hesitant, the mother embraced the challenge and demonstrated a keen interest in learning the intricacies of the digital realm. The experience not only enriched her life but also led to an unforeseen role reversal, with the narrator now guiding her mother through the complexities of the computer game.

 

 

 

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)

 

1. What prompted the narrator to intervene in her mother's scrabble game?

·        Her mother's age

·        Solitary competition

·        Introduction of a computer

·        Loneliness

 

2. How did the mother initially engage in scrabble against herself?

·        Right hand versus left hand

·        Computer opponent

·        Multiplayer mode

·        Word processing program

 

3. What did the husband suggest as a solution to enhance the mother's scrabble experience?

·        New scrabble set

·        Smartphone app

·        Computer opponent

·        Board game night

 

4. What marked the beginning of the mother's exploration into the world of computers?

·        A smartphone gift

·        Introduction of a new scrabble set

·        Old PC gift

·        Online gaming subscription

 

5. How did the mother document her progress in learning the computer game?

·        Digital notepad

·        Mini spiral book

·        Word processing program

·        Sticky notes

 

6. What was the mother's initial reaction to the gift of a computer?

·        Excitement

·        Fear

·        Indifference

·        Confusion

 

7. What did the narrator realize about her mother's inquiries during their conversations?

·        They were routine and predictable

·        They focused on her mother's scrabble opponents

·        They were replaced by discussions about computer games

·        They became more intrusive

 

8. What did the experience teach the narrator about age and learning?

·        A) Learning diminishes with age

·        B) Willing spirit triumphs over age

·        C) Computers are difficult for older individuals

·        D) Age hinders the ability to learn new languages

 

During my college days, I actively participated in cricket, much to the dismay of my father, who harbored dreams of me becoming a chess player. He often discouraged my cricket pursuits, emphasizing that while eleven players engaged in the sport, thousands merely watched, considering it a waste of time. Despite his disapproval, my passion for cricket persisted, leading to a memorable incident during the 1983 World Cup. Sneaking out of the house to witness India's victory, I faced my father's reprimand the following day.

 

Fast forward to the present, I find myself working as a sales manager. In a recent conversation, my father, seemingly softening his stance, suggested taking my son to watch the movie "Iqbal" to kindle motivation. Surprisingly, he advocated for a broader understanding of games, beyond chess, reflecting a change in perspective. Intrigued by this shift, I later learned from my sister that he was spotted cheering for the Indian cricket team on television.

 

Curiosity led me to inquire with my mother, who confirmed his newfound interest in cricket, especially during matches at Anna's house. Anna, a friend and neighbor, became a cricket-watching companion for my father. Reflecting on this, I dialed Anna's number, discovering their joint visits to the stadium. It dawned on me that companionship had kindled a passion for cricket in my father, mending the strained relationship we had shared.

 

As the long-awaited match day arrived, we collectively cheered for Team India. The shared experience of victory prompted mutual apologies—my father expressing regret for his past punishments, and myself acknowledging the teenage ego that had fueled resentment over the years. The clouds of annoyance dissipated, and with tears in my eyes, I realized that 28 years had been too long to hold onto anger.

 

Multiple-Choice Questions:

 

1. What did the father discourage the narrator from playing during his college days?

·        Chess

·        Cricket

·        Football

·        Badminton

 

2. Why was the narrator punished by his father during the 1983 World Cup?

·        For playing cricket

·        For sneaking out of the house

·        For not watching the match

·        For not completing chores

 

3. What is the narrator's current profession?

·        Doctor

·        Sales Manager

·        Teacher

·        Engineer

  

 

4. What did the father suggest regarding the movie "Iqbal"?

·        Watch it alone

·        Take the son to watch and motivate him

·        Ignore it

·        Discourage watching it

 

5. What game was the narrator's son interested in?

·        Cricket

·        Chess

·        Football

·        Badminton

 

6. Where did the father develop a fascination for cricket?

·        At home

·        At work

·        At the stadium with Anna    

·        While watching television

 

7. Who was Anna to the narrator's father?

·        Colleague

·        Relative

·        Friend and neighbor

·        Chess partner

 

8. What prompted mutual apologies between the narrator and his father?

·        Victory in a cricket match

·        A shared movie experience

·        Acknowledging past punishments

·        Overcoming teenage ego

 

 

 

The newly appointed teacher, armed with impressive academic credentials and a wealth of teaching experience, embarks on the task of instructing Class VI in English. Demonstrating sincerity and decency, she brings a thorough understanding of contemporary teaching methodologies such as the functional communicative approach and the direct method. Committed to her profession, the teacher adheres to the guidance provided in the teacher's manual and incorporates insights from linguistics into her pedagogical approach. Inside the classroom, she adopts English as the exclusive medium of instruction, urging students to deduce word meanings and fostering an environment conducive to interaction and communication. Her amiable personality swiftly endears her to the students, gaining popularity in a short span.

 

However, a revelation surfaces after a few days when a student, outside the classroom, confesses that comprehension of the lessons has been limited. Perplexed, the teacher queries why the students didn't voice their challenges during class. The student responds with modesty and hesitance, explaining, "We refrained from speaking up as you exclusively used English, a language we are not proficient in."

 

This disclosure highlights a communication gap resulting from the teacher's insistence on using English in an environment where students are not proficient in the language. Acknowledging the significance of effective communication, the teacher faces the challenge of bridging this gap to ensure comprehensive understanding among her students. The incident underscores the importance of considering students' linguistic proficiency, emphasizing the need to tailor teaching methods for inclusivity and an optimal learning environment.

 

Multiple-Choice Questions

 

1. What is the primary focus of the newly appointed teacher?

·        Mathematics

·        Science

·        English

·        History

 

2. Which teaching methodologies does the teacher incorporate into her approach?

·        Ancient methods

·        Functional communicative approach and the direct method

·        Traditional techniques

·        Experimental techniques

 

3. What language does the teacher use as the exclusive medium of instruction?

·        Multilingual

·        English and mother tongue

·        Mother tongue only

·        English only

 

4. What revelation does the teacher learn from a student outside the classroom?

·        High academic performance

·        Limited comprehension of lessons

·        A desire for more homework

·        Enthusiastic participation

 

5. Why didn't the students express their challenges during class?

·        Lack of interest

·        Fear of the teacher

·        Language proficiency concerns

·        Shyness

 

6. What is the teacher's personality described as?

·        Stern

·        Amiable

·        Indifferent

·        Strict

  

 

7. What is the teacher's attitude towards following the teacher's manual?

·        Indifferent

·        Reluctant

·        Committed

·        Rebellious

 

8. What does the incident underscore the importance of?

·        Teacher's popularity

·        Student participation

·        Effective communication and linguistic considerations

·        Strict discipline

 

 

Raghu's early life had been marked by orphanhood, compelling him to learn the art of self-sufficiency. One day, struck by hunger, he noticed an opportunity at a sweet shop when the owner decided to take a nap, leaving the shop in the care of a young assistant. Seizing the chance, Raghu, with quick thinking, pretended to be the owner's best friend's son, claiming the finest sweets for himself under the name "Fly."

 

The shop assistant, suspicious of this unexpected visitor, inquired about his name, to which Raghu amusingly replied, "My name is Fly." While the boy hesitated, Raghu took advantage and indulged in some jalebis. When the assistant reported the incident to the owner, who was deep in slumber, the response was casual, suggesting that the harm a fly could cause was minimal. With this, Raghu devoured a plate of jalebis and left without making any payment.

 

Raghu then cleverly presented the stolen sweets to Mahadev, the city's esteemed figure, as a gift. Expressing gratitude for the present, Mahadev, not a generous spender, was delighted. Raghu, seizing the moment, asked for the empty boxes, which he cleverly manipulated into a request for two gold coins.

 

Upon Mahadev's agreement, Raghu approached Mahadev's wife, claiming that her husband had instructed her to provide him with the gold coins. Unaware of her husband's earlier consent, she refused. When Raghu informed Mahadev of the refusal, irritated, Mahadev instructed his wife to fulfill Raghu's request. Consequently, Raghu left with two gold coins.

 

As Raghu continued his deceptive ways, the news reached the king, leading to his arrest. During the audience with the king, Raghu recounted his story. The king, recognizing Raghu's cleverness, offered him a chance for redemption. He advised Raghu to study with the kingdom's best pundits and utilize his wit for the betterment of the realm.

 

Embracing this opportunity, Raghu transformed his life and eventually gained recognition as one of the wisest ministers in the kingdom, highlighting the transformative power of intellect and a chance for redemption.

 

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs):

 

1. What did Raghu pretend to be when he entered the sweet shop?

·        Owner's son

·        Shop assistant

·        Best friend's son

·        Inspector

 

2. What did Raghu claim his name to be while at the sweet shop?

·        Ant

·        Butterfly

·        Fly

·        Mosquito

  

 

3. What did Raghu take from the sweet shop without paying?

·        Laddoos

·        Jalebis

·        Gulab Jamuns

·        Barfis

 

4. How did Raghu convince Mahadev to give him gold coins?

·        He threatened Mahadev

·        He praised Mahadev's generosity

·        He manipulated the situation with empty boxes

·        He offered a trade for sweets

 

5. What did Raghu eventually ask for from Mahadev's wife?

   a. Jewels

   b. Empty boxes

   c. Silver coins

   d. Sweets

 

6. How did Raghu end up with two gold coins?

·        Mahadev willingly gave them

·        Mahadev's wife provided them

·        He stole them

·        Mahadev offered them as a gift

 

7. Why was Raghu arrested and brought before the king?

·        For stealing sweets

·        For deceiving the shop owner

·        For his smooth talk and promises

·        For challenging Mahadev

 

8. What did the king suggest Raghu do to redeem himself?

·        Join the army

·        Become a merchant

·        Study with the best pundits

·        Marry into royalty

 

 

In the poignant poem, the poet reflects on the bittersweet experience of revisiting an old photograph of her mother, who passed away nearly twelve years ago. The nostalgic recollection is infused with grief, rendering the poet speechless in the face of loss.

 

The poet's gaze falls upon an ancient photograph of her mother at the tender age of twelve, captured on a cardboard frame. The image features the poet's mother alongside her two girl cousins, their hands interlinked. The eldest among them, the mother, possesses a "sweet face." Frozen in time, the three girls stand with smiles, hair falling gracefully, frozen in a moment captured by their uncle's camera during a paddling excursion. The sea, unchanged by time, gently washes their "transient" feet, emphasizing the ephemeral nature of the captured moment in contrast to the eternal sea.

 

The narrative shifts to a later period, some twenty or thirty years afterward, when the poet's mother would laugh at the picture, playfully noting her appearance. The cousins, Betty and Dolly, were dressed for a beach holiday, marking a moment in time now relegated to the past.

 

The sea holiday, once a vibrant memory for the mother, becomes a distant echo, echoing the theme of irretrievable loss. The laughter of the mother, now a memory for the poet, symbolizes the passage of time and the associated pain of reminiscing about the past.

 

As the poet confronts the reality of her mother's death for over a decade, the present circumstances offer no solace or words of comfort. The poet is enveloped in the memories of her departed mother, and the profound silence of the moment leaves her bereft of verbal expression. The "silence silences" the poet, encapsulating the depth of her grief.

 

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs):

 

1. What does the poet primarily focus on in the poem?

·        Childhood memories

·        Loss and grief

·        Beach holidays

·        Transient moments

 

2. At what age is the poet's mother captured in the photograph?

·        Twelve

·        Twenty

·        Thirty

·        Forty

 

3. How are the three girls depicted in the photograph?

·        Frowning with serious expressions

·        Standing still with smiles

·        Crying with disheveled hair

·        Running away from the camera

 

4. What does the sea symbolize in the poem?

·        Eternal change

·        Transient memories

·        Irreversible loss

·        Perpetual silence

 

5. Who captured the photograph of the three girls?

·        Mother

·        Father

·        Uncle

·        Aunt

 

6. What is the significance of the laughter of the poet's mother in the poem?

·        Present circumstances

·        Ephemeral memories

·        Perpetual grief

·        Transcience of life

 

7. How long has the poet's mother been dead in the poem?

·        Nearly twenty years

·        Nearly twelve years

·        Nearly five years

·        Nearly thirty years

 

8. What does the poet experience in the present circumstances of the poem?

·        Joyful reunion

·        Overwhelming grief

·        Nostalgic laughter

·        Expressive eloquence

 

The advancement of the Human Sciences holds the key to rectifying the ills that have arisen from a hastily and superficially acquired knowledge of the physical world. This knowledge, acquired by populations unaware of the profound changes it necessitates within themselves, has led to unintended consequences. To pave the way for a happier world than any witnessed in the past, it is crucial to keep atavistic destructive passions in check while embracing necessary adaptations. While fears are inevitable in our contemporary era, rational hopes hold the potential for fruitful outcomes.

It is imperative to shift our focus from dwelling on the dangers to be avoided and instead concentrate on the good that can be attained. Science, despite its potential for unpleasant consequences, inherently serves as a liberator. It frees humanity from the shackles of bondage to the physical aspects of nature and, in the future, offers liberation from the burden of destructive passions. The current juncture places us on the verge of either utter disaster or unprecedentedly glorious achievements.

The challenges faced by our age are unparalleled, yet the rational and optimistic outlook of hopes is more likely to yield positive outcomes. The key lies in embracing the potential benefits that can be within our grasp if we believe in them and allow them to dominate our thoughts. Science, as a beacon of knowledge and innovation, becomes the guiding force for a promising future. As we navigate the complexities of our time, acknowledging the transformative power of science becomes instrumental in steering toward a happy and prosperous future.

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs):

 

1.     What does the advancement of the Human Sciences aim to rectify? a. Physical ailments b. Evils resulting from hasty knowledge of the physical world c. Economic disparities d. Political conflicts Correct Answer: b

2.     What is considered a liberator by its very nature, according to the passage? a. Art b. Philosophy c. Science d. Literature Correct Answer: c

3.     What does the passage suggest about fears and hopes in our time? a. Fears are rational, and hopes are irrational. b. Both fears and hopes are rational. c. Hopes are rational, and fears are irrational. d. Fears are rational, and hopes are likely to bear good fruit. Correct Answer: d

4.     Where does the passage emphasize shifting focus for a happier future? a. Dangers to be avoided b. Physical nature c. Destructive passions d. The good within our grasp Correct Answer: d

5.     What does the passage attribute the potential for utter disaster or unprecedentedly glorious achievement to? a. Economic factors b. Social changes c. Scientific advancements d. Political developments Correct Answer: c

6.     What, according to the passage, is the inherent nature of science? a. A disruptor of natural order b. A creator of destructive passions c. A liberator from physical nature d. A source of irrational fears Correct Answer: c

7.     What is described as crucial in embracing a happier future? a. Embracing destructive passions b. Ignoring necessary adaptations c. Keeping atavistic destructive passions in check d. Focusing solely on fears Correct Answer: c

8.     What does the passage suggest is the guiding force for a promising future? a. Artistic endeavors b. Political ideologies c. Scientific knowledge and innovation d. Cultural traditions Correct Answer: c

 

 

 

 

 

The pervasive pollution across South Asia is casting a shadow over the region, diminishing sunlight by 10% over India. This environmental menace poses severe threats to agriculture, disrupts rainfall patterns, and exposes hundreds of thousands of people to risks, as highlighted in a recent study conducted by scientists collaborating with the United Nations Environment Programme. The study suggests that the remarkable economic growth witnessed in South Asia over the past decade could face significant setbacks due to this pollution.

Research conducted in India reveals that the haze resulting from pollution might be responsible for reducing winter rice harvests by 10%. The haze consists of a mixture of ash, acids, aerosols, and various particles that disrupt weather systems. Acid rain, a consequence of acids in the haze falling with precipitation, has the potential to harm crops and trees.

Beyond the impact on agriculture, the pollution-induced haze is linked to a surge in respiratory problems, leading to a substantial increase in premature deaths. This escalating death toll is a major cause for concern, necessitating urgent attention to address the adverse health effects of the pollution.

Countries such as India, China, and Indonesia bear the brunt of this pollution, given their high population density, rapid economic growth, and diminishing forest cover. The study underscores the urgent need for concerted efforts to curb pollution and mitigate its far-reaching consequences on the environment, agriculture, and public health.

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs):

1.     What is the estimated reduction in sunlight over India due to pollution, according to the study?

·        5%

·        8%

·        10%

·        12%  

2.     What impact does the pollution-induced haze have on winter rice harvests in India?

·        No impact  

·        5% reduction

·        8% reduction

·        10% reduction  

3.     What components make up the haze resulting from pollution?

·        Water vapor only

·        Ash, acids, aerosols, and particles

·        Oxygen and nitrogen

·        Carbon dioxide only  

·         

4.     What environmental consequence is associated with acid rain resulting from the haze?

·        Enhanced crop growth

·        Increased tree growth

·        Harm to crops and trees

·        Reduced rainfall  

 

5.     What health issue is linked to the pollution-induced haze?

·        Skin conditions

·        Respiratory problems

·        Cardiovascular diseases

·        Digestive disorders  

 

6.     Which countries are identified as the worst affected by the pollution-induced haze?

a. Russia and Brazil

b. India, China, and Indonesia

c. Australia and Canada

d. United States and Mexico  

7.     What is cited as a potential consequence of the pollution for the economic growth of South Asia?

 a. Accelerated growth

b. No impact on growth

c. Significant setbacks

d. Stable growth  

8.     What urgent action is recommended to address the adverse effects of pollution?

a. Expanding pollution sources

b. Ignoring environmental regulations

c. Curtailing pollution and mitigating its consequences

d. Promoting more industrial activities  

 

 

Louis Pasteur, a towering figure in the annals of science, exemplified a profound simplicity despite the accolades he earned. His childhood aspirations of becoming a great artist, reflected in drawings of familiar scenes from his birthplaces, lingered throughout his life. Though he abandoned the brush at 16, Pasteur emerged as an artist in the scientific realm, investing his soul and energy into groundbreaking work that ultimately wore him out.

In his battle against hydrophobia, each sufferer was more than a case to be cured; it was a personal battle against which Pasteur fought with unwavering determination. The sight of injured children deeply moved him, and he willingly shared in their suffering. However, his greatest sorrow came with physical exhaustion, leading to his retirement from active work. Spending his last summer at the estate of Villeneuve Etang, Pasteur dedicated his time to the study of rabies in his kennels.

Pasteur's perspective on the science he perfected was encapsulated in his statement about the materialism of contemporaries: "The more I contemplate the mysteries of nature, the more my faith becomes like that of a peasant." Even in retirement, he welcomed former pupils, reiterating his life's principle: "Work, never cease to work."

When Pasteur passed away, a plebiscite among the French people declared him the greatest man France had ever produced, surpassing even Napoleon, the idol of the nation. This acknowledgment highlighted Pasteur's contributions as a tanner's son, a scientist, a man of peace, and an indefatigable worker for humanity.

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs):

1.     What childhood dream did Pasteur harbor?

·        Becoming a politician

·        Becoming a great artist

·        Becoming a scientist

·        Becoming a soldier

 

2.     At what age did Pasteur abandon painting?

·        18

·        20

·        16

·        25

 

3.     What ailment did Pasteur passionately battle against?

·        Cancer

·        Hydrophobia

·        Tuberculosis

·        Diabetes  

4.     Where did Pasteur spend his last summer, focusing on the study of rabies?

·        Villeneuve Etang

·        Paris

·        London

·        Helebid  

5.     What did Pasteur consider each sufferer in his fight against diseases?

·        Mere cases

·        Statistical figures

·        Personal battles

·        Unimportant entities  

6.     How did Pasteur view the mysteries of nature?

·        With skepticism

·        With indifference

·        Like that of a scientist

·        Like that of a peasant  

7.     What was Pasteur's advice regarding work?

·        Work selectively

·        Work occasionally

·        Work tirelessly

·        Work reluctantly  

8.     Who did the French people declare as the greatest man produced by France?

·        Napoleon

·        Pasteur

·        A politician

·        A soldier  

 

 

 

The small village of Somnathpur boasts a stunning temple, constructed around 1268 AD by the Hoyasalas of Karnataka, renowned for their prolific temple-building endeavors. In contrast to the fate suffered by some of their other works during the 14th-century invasion, the Somnathpur temple has endured, standing in near-original condition.

This compact temple captivates all who visit with its exquisite sculptures adorning every available surface—walls, pillars, and even ceilings. Elevated on a star-shaped platform with 24 edges, the temple features three shikharas. The outer walls showcase a profusion of intricate carvings, with the entire surface adorned by carved stone plaques. Vertical panels exhibit detailed figures of various Gods and Goddesses, prominently featuring Vishnu and his incarnations. Other deities like Shiva, Brahma, and Indra, along with female divinities such as Durga and Saraswati, grace the walls. Delicately carved nymphs, some carrying ears of maize, contribute to the temple's artistic richness. The elaborate ornamentation, characteristic of Hoyasala sculptures, is a standout feature. A closer examination reveals a series of friezes featuring caparisoned elephants, charging horsemen, stylized flowers, warriors, musicians, crocodiles, and swans.

Commissioned by Soma Dandanayaka or Somnath, the minister of Hoyasala King Narsimha the Third, the temple was named after him. Its primary purpose was to house three versions of Krishna. At the core of the temple lies the Kalyana Mandapa, leading to three corridors, each culminating in a shrine dedicated to a specific form of Krishna—Venugopala, Janardana, and Prasanna Keshava. However, only two of these shrines remain in their original form. Exploring the darkness of the sanctum, one can attempt to discern the distinct images. The temple's sculptural perfection extends to its doors and three beautifully designed towers, highlighting the remarkable craftsmanship of the Hoyasala dynasty.

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs):

1.     When was the Somnathpur temple built?

·         a. 1367 AD

·         b. 1200 AD

·         c. 1268 AD

·         d. 1400 AD

 

2.     Which dynasty constructed the Somnathpur temple?

·         a. Cholas

·         b. Pallavas

·         c. Hoyasalas

·         d. Mauryas

 

3.     How many shikharas does the Somnathpur temple have?

·         a. One

·         b. Two

·         c. Three

·         d. Four

 

4.     Who commissioned the construction of the Somnathpur temple?

·         a. Narsimha the Third

·         b. Krishna

·         c. Soma Dandanayaka

·         d. Brahma

 

5.     What was the primary purpose of building the Somnathpur temple?

·         a. To house various deities

·         b. To commemorate a battle

·         c. To serve as a royal residence

·         d. To house three versions of Krishna

 

6.     Which deity is the most prominently featured on the outer walls?

·         a. Shiva

·         b. Vishnu

·         c. Durga

·         d. Brahma

 

7.     What is the notable feature of the Hoyasala sculptures?

·         a. Simplicity

·         b. Minimalism

·         c. Elaborate ornamentation

·         d. Abstractness

 

8.     What do the vertical panels on the outer walls depict?

·         a. Caparisoned elephants

·         b. Charging horsemen

·         c. Stylized flowers

·         d. All of the above

 

 

 

 

In the tense confrontation between Swaminathan and the headmaster, the young student found himself accused of absenteeism. Despite Swaminathan's initial impulse to protest his perfect attendance, the attendance register contradicted his claim. Fumbling for explanations, he contemplated blaming the burning of his cap, invoking powerful men restraining him, and questioning the headmaster's allegiance to the English. These thoughts remained unspoken, and in a moment of distress, Swaminathan wanted to mention a headache but discovered others also suffering from it. The headmaster, impatient for an answer, resorted to physical discipline, sharply bringing a cane down on Swaminathan's shoulder.

Staring tearfully at the headmaster, Swaminathan massaged the affected area with his left hand. The headmaster, frustrated by the silence, threatened further harm. Swaminathan stammered, attempting to explain his absence, but the headmaster, skeptical, called for the peon. Swaminathan, fearing thrashing, wondered about the peon's role. The peon, approached by the headmaster, eyed Swaminathan ominously and accused him of breaking window panes in the headmaster's room.

Trapped and defiant, Swaminathan remained silent, refusing to deny the charges. The headmaster, displeased, delivered more physical punishment. When Swaminathan finally spoke, expressing pain and pleading not to be beaten, the headmaster continued the punishment, instructing him to stand on the desk until the impending announcement of dismissal. The episode showcased the power dynamics and disciplinary measures within the school, leaving Swaminathan in a vulnerable position.

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs):

1.     What accusation did the headmaster initially confront Swaminathan with?

·         a. Academic failure

·         b. Absenteeism

·         c. Misbehavior

·         d. Cheating

 

2.     How did Swaminathan react to the headmaster's cane?

·         a. Aggressive retaliation

·         b. Tearful submission

·         c. Silent defiance

·         d. Apologetic admission

 

3.     What role did the peon play in the confrontation?

·         a. Supporting Swaminathan

·         b. Witnessing silently

·         c. Accusing Swaminathan

·         d. Mediating the dispute

 

4.     What accusation did the peon make against Swaminathan?

·         a. Breaking a desk

·         b. Stealing a book

·         c. Vandalizing window panes

·         d. Disrupting a class

 

5.     How did Swaminathan respond when the headmaster threatened dismissal?

·         a. Defiantly challenged

·         b. Tearfully pleaded

·         c. Apologized profusely

·         d. Remained silent

 

6.     What did the headmaster demand Swaminathan to do after the confrontation?

·         a. Write an apology

·         b. Stand on a desk

·         c. Leave the school

·         d. Attend extra classes

 

7.     What did Swaminathan contemplate blaming for his absence?

·         a. Burning of his cap

·         b. Headache

·         c. Powerful men restraining him

·         d. All of the above

      

8.     How did Swaminathan unintentionally become defiant during the confrontation?

·         a. Verbally challenging the headmaster

·         b. Denying all accusations

·         c. Refusing to stand on the desk

·         d. Not providing a verbal defense

 

 

For those yearning to hear the delightful chirping of sparrows around their homes, an opportunity has emerged to unravel the mystery behind the apparent disappearance of this common bird from cities across India. A two-month-long online survey named "Citizen Sparrow" has been initiated, urging people to share their experiences and insights regarding sparrow sightings. Suhel Quader, an evolutionary ecologist at the National Centre for Biological Sciences, emphasizes the elementary step of assimilating information and encourages individuals to contribute valuable data, whether indicating a drastic drop or a sudden increase in sparrow count.

The house sparrow, once so abundant that it was declared a pest by the Chinese Communist Party in 1958, continues to pose a modern mystery worldwide. In the UK, sparrows have faced a significant decline from over 12 million to 6 million since the mid-'80s. The survey aims to establish the first baseline data about the distribution of sparrows in the country, forming the foundation for further research, as mentioned by Karthik K, the project coordinator.

Notably, the survey actively involves ordinary citizens rather than relying solely on experts. Suhel Quader highlights the purpose of reaching out to people, encouraging them to share their stories and understanding of these birds, considering the widespread awareness about sparrows.

Survey participants are tasked with marking locations on a map and providing information about sparrow sightings, including historical data from previous years. This wealth of information enables a comprehensive comparison of sparrow populations in different locations, offering insights into specific threats or issues contributing to their decline. The survey's ultimate goal is to generate detailed studies, investigating the reasons behind the population decline and proposing potential measures for population recovery.

As sparrows serve as indicators of broader trends in bird populations, the survey promises to provide valuable clues about the factors leading to the disappearance of various bird species over the past few decades.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

1.     What is the main purpose of the "Citizen Sparrow" survey?

·         (1) To declare sparrows as pests

·         (2) To understand the disappearance of sparrows in Indian cities

·         (3) To count the total sparrow population

·         (4) To encourage people to exterminate sparrows

 

2.     Who is Suhel Quader, and what is his role in the survey?

·         (1) Project coordinator

·         (2) Chinese Communist Party representative

·         (3) Evolutionary ecologist at the National Centre for Biological Sciences

·         (4) Sparrow expert

 

3.     What does the paragraph mention about the house sparrow in the UK?

·         (1) It has faced a significant decline in numbers since the mid-'80s.

·         (2) It is considered a protected species.

·         (3) It has increased in population in recent years.

·         (4) It was declared a pest in the '80s.

 

4.     What information is the survey expected to provide, according to Karthik K?

·         (1) Details about sparrow behavior

·         (2) Information about sparrow species

·         (3) First baseline data about the distribution of sparrows in the country

·         (4) Total count of sparrows in India

5.     Why does the survey actively involve ordinary citizens?

·         (1) To declare sparrows as pests

·         (2) To ensure experts have more control

·         (3) To reach a broader audience and collect diverse experiences

·         (4) To encourage people to exterminate sparrows

6.     What task are survey participants asked to perform?

·         (1) Identify bird species

·         (2) Mark locations on a map and provide information about sparrow sightings

·         (3) Exterminate sparrows in their areas

·         (4) Count the total number of sparrows in their vicinity

 

7.     What does the survey aim to establish regarding sparrow populations?

·         (1) The reasons behind their decline

·         (2) The total number of sparrows in India

·         (3) The first baseline data about their distribution in the country

·         (4) The reasons for sparrow increase

 

8.     What is the ultimate goal of the survey, as mentioned in the paragraph?

·         (1) To identify specific threats to sparrows

·         (2) To generate detailed studies, investigating the reasons for population decline

·         (3) To encourage people to share their understanding of sparrows

·         (4) To exterminate sparrows in specific areas

 

If the once familiar chirping of sparrows has become a rarity in your surroundings, an online survey named "Citizen Sparrow" offers you an opportunity to understand the reasons behind the apparent disappearance of this common bird from cities across India. The two-month-long survey encourages people to share their observations, including when they last spotted a sparrow and details about their localities. Initiated by the National Centre for Biological Sciences, the survey aims to collect information from citizens, providing valuable insights into the current status of sparrows in India.

Suhel Quader, an evolutionary ecologist at the National Centre for Biological Sciences, emphasizes the significance of assimilating information through this survey. The disappearance of house sparrows, once so abundant that it was declared a pest by the Chinese Communist Party in 1958, remains a modern mystery globally. In the UK, sparrows have faced a significant decline from over 12 million to 6 million since the mid-80s.

The survey's primary goal is to establish a baseline of sparrow distribution in the country, serving as a foundation for further research. Project coordinator Karthik K highlights the involvement of ordinary citizens as a deliberate choice to reach a broader audience. Participants are encouraged to mark locations on a map and provide details about sparrow sightings, creating a basis for population comparisons in different areas. This comparative data aims to identify specific threats or issues contributing to the decline in sparrow populations.

The sparrow, considered an indicator species, reflects broader trends in bird populations. The survey intends to uncover reasons behind the decline in various bird species, providing valuable insights for detailed studies and potential measures to revive these populations. As sparrows hold a special place in public awareness, the survey acts as a collective effort to share stories and understanding about these birds among the general populace.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

1.     What is the purpose of the "Citizen Sparrow" survey?

·         (1) To declare sparrows as pests

·         (2) To understand the disappearance of sparrows in Indian cities

·         (3) To count the total sparrow population

·         (4) To encourage people to exterminate sparrows

 

2.     Who initiated the "Citizen Sparrow" survey?

·         (1) Chinese Communist Party

·         (2) Karthik K

·         (3) National Centre for Biological Sciences

·         (4) Suhel Quader

 

3.     Why is the involvement of ordinary citizens emphasized in the survey?

·         (1) To reduce the sparrow population

·         (2) To make sparrows a protected species

·         (3) To reach a broader audience and collect diverse experiences

·         (4) To exterminate sparrows

 

4.     What does Suhel Quader suggest about the survey data?

·         (1) It is irrelevant for further research

·         (2) It will only focus on sparrow sightings from the current year

·         (3) It will provide valuable leads for compiling pan-India data

·         (4) It is not essential for understanding the decline of sparrows

 

5.     Why was the house sparrow declared a pest by the Chinese Communist Party in 1958?

·         (1) Due to its declining population

·         (2) To protect the sparrow population

·         (3) Because it was once widespread

·         (4) To encourage people to participate in the survey

 

6.     According to the paragraph, what is the sparrow considered in the UK?

·         (1) An indicator of a trend

·         (2) A protected species

·         (3) A common pet

·         (4) A source of pest control

 

7.     What is the primary goal of the survey, according to Karthik K?

·         (1) To identify particular threats to sparrows

·         (2) To encourage people to share sparrow stories

·         (3) To establish a baseline of sparrow distribution in the country

·         (4) To exterminate sparrows in specific areas

 

8.     How does the survey plan to use participants' information about sparrow sightings?

·         (1) To determine the total sparrow population

·         (2) To enable a comparison of sparrow populations in different places

·         (3) To count the number of sparrows in each area

·         (4) To encourage people to share their understanding of sparrows

 

 

 

 

 

As heart disease maintains its status as a major cause of death in the United States, researchers are actively investigating potential risk factors that contribute to heart attacks. While the impact of high-fat diets and a fast-paced lifestyle on heart health is well-established, recent studies suggest that the list of risk factors may be more extensive and surprising.

Heart failure, for instance, exhibits seasonal and temporal patterns. A higher percentage of heart attacks is noted during cold weather, and Mondays have emerged as the day with the highest occurrences of heart failure. Additionally, individuals are more susceptible to heart attacks in the first few hours after waking. Cardiologists observed this morning phenomenon in the mid-1980s and have identified potential causes, including an early morning surge in blood pressure, heart rate, concentration of heart-stimulating hormones, and a reduction in blood flow to the heart. These factors collectively contribute to the elevated incidence of heart attacks between 8:00 am and 10:00 am.

Further studies have implicated birthdays and bachelorhood as risk factors. Statistics reveal a notable increase in the heart attack rate for both genders in the days surrounding their birthdays. Unmarried men also face a higher risk of heart attacks compared to their married counterparts. Although stress is considered a common thread connecting these risk factors, ongoing intensive research aims to deepen our understanding of why and how heart failure is triggered.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

1.     What is the focus of researchers in the United States regarding heart attacks?

·         (1) Healthy lifestyle choices

·         (2) High-fat diets

·         (3) Identifying potential risk factors

·         (4) Seasonal patterns

2.     According to the paragraph, when do people experience a higher percentage of heart attacks?

·         (1) Hot weather

·         (2) Cold weather

·         (3) Weekends

·         (4) Evenings

3.     Which day of the week has the highest occurrences of heart failure, according to the paragraph?

·         (1) Tuesday

·         (2) Monday

·         (3) Friday

·         (4) Sunday

4.     When are individuals more prone to heart attacks, as mentioned in the paragraph?

·         (1) Late evening

·         (2) Afternoon

·         (3) In the first few hours after waking

·         (4) Midnight

5.     What has been implicated as a potential risk factor for heart attacks in additional studies?

·         (1) Regular exercise

·         (2) Vegetarian diets

·         (3) Both birthday and bachelorhood

·         (4) Stress management

 

6.     What did cardiologists observe in the mid-1980s regarding heart attacks?

·         (1) Morning phenomenon with an early rise in blood pressure, heart rate, and hormones

·         (2) Evening surge in blood flow to the heart

·         (3) Decrease in heart-stimulating hormones

·         (4) No specific patterns

 

7.     According to statistics mentioned in the paragraph, when do both females and males experience a significant increase in heart attacks?

·         (1) Immediately following weekends

·         (2) Few days immediately preceding and following their birthdays

·         (3) Summer months

·         (4) During work hours

 

8.     What does the paragraph mention as a common thread connecting the implicated risk factors?

·         (1) Physical inactivity

·         (2) Genetic factors

·         (3) Stress

·         (4) Poor diet

 

 

The significance of democracy in fostering full human development has become a global consensus, emphasizing the crucial role of education and skill development in this process. Sustaining democracy relies on a well-informed electorate, wise leadership choices, and an intellectually empowered leadership with multi-dimensional intelligence. The conventional views on economic development have shifted, acknowledging knowledge as the driving force. To apply knowledge effectively, innovations are essential, necessitating a surge in original research driven by young minds at the forefront. Knowledge, being gender-neutral, presents a unique opportunity in the 21st century to address gender inequity persisting for centuries in India.

The youth, constituting India's demographic potential dividend, require a holistic development approach encompassing multi-dimensional intelligence. Current educational practices in India predominantly focus on cognitive intelligence, but a comprehensive approach should include emotional, social, moral, spiritual, environmental, and innovational dimensions. A national education policy must align with these dimensions to ensure the manifestation of well-rounded intelligence in every young individual, maximizing the potential of the demographic dividend. These dimensions collectively define an individual's ability to lead a productive life for the greater good of the nation.

A structured national education policy becomes imperative, with its first parameter emphasizing ability empowerment across the seven types of intelligence. The second parameter involves cultivating a collective mindset regarding India's legacy and future, based on an accurate understanding of its history. The third parameter centers on a social contract, entailing fundamental rights like quality education and the right to work, coupled with obligations such as merit-based competition for employment, gender equality, and prioritizing national interests over personal ones. Without a well-structured youth development policy, India risks leading many young individuals astray, contributing to issues like drug abuse and crime.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

1.     What does the paragraph emphasize as essential for sustaining democracy and achieving full human development?

·         (1) Economic labor

·         (2) Education and skill development

·         (3) Capital

·         (4) Innovation-driven research

 

2.     According to the paragraph, what drives economic development in the contemporary world?

·         Human labor

·         (2) Knowledge

·         (3) Capital

·         (4) Application of innovations

 

3.     What does the paragraph suggest is crucial for fostering the demographic potential dividend in India's youth?

·         (1) Seven-dimensional intelligence

·         (2) Traditional education

·         (3) Economic labor

·         (4) Historical knowledge

·          

4.     What are the seven dimensions of intelligence mentioned in the paragraph?

·         (1) Cognitive, emotional, social, moral, spiritual, environmental, and institutional

·         (2) Economic, cultural, technological, artistic, scientific, linguistic, and political

·         (3) Rational, emotional, logical, intuitive, spiritual, environmental, and social

·         (4) Emotional, social, moral, spiritual, environmental, and innovational

 

5.     What is identified as a significant gap in India's approach to youth development in the paragraph?

·         (1) Excessive focus on cognitive intelligence

·         (2) Lack of historical knowledge

·         (3) Absence of a properly structured policy

·         (4) Overemphasis on merit-based competition

 

6.     What is emphasized as a crucial aspect of the social contract mentioned in the paragraph?

·         (1) Right to work

·         (2) Gender inequality

·         (3) Placing national interests above selfish interests

·         (4) Obligation to compete for employment

 

7.     What does the paragraph identify as a risk in the absence of a structured youth development policy?

·         (1) Historical inaccuracies

·         (2) Overemphasis on merit-based competition

·         (3) Leading young individuals astray, contributing to issues like drug abuse and crime

·         Lack of social contracts

 

 

To instigate positive transformations within the workplace, the supervisor must undergo a fundamental shift in attitude towards the staff. It is paramount to perceive the team members not as mere components in a complex work machinery but as human beings with feelings and needs. Modern workers yearn for a sense of control over their workplace, reversing the traditional power dynamic. This can be achieved by ensuring the staff feels in control of their work environment. A crucial step in this process is to make the work meaningful for each individual. To accomplish this, the supervisor should delegate responsibility and provide limited authority, enabling the staff to execute their roles effectively. Proper training is essential to prepare subordinates to assume responsibility and authority, ultimately making them accountable for their jobs.

Supervisors often fall into the trap of assuming all responsibility and accountability due to the fear of losing control over the workplace. This inadvertently turns the workers into pawns in a vast chessboard, undermining their individuality. The act of delegating accountability is transformative; it not only provides the worker with a sense of purpose but also fuels the desire to excel in their roles. Crucially, engaging with each worker to outline common objectives and agreed-upon norms fosters a sense of security and clarity about expectations. When workers meet these objectives, a profound feeling of achievement ensues, serving as the most potent motivator.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

1.     What does the paragraph emphasize as crucial for positive changes within the workplace?

·         (1) Maintaining a strict hierarchical structure

·         (2) A fundamental shift in the supervisor's attitude towards the staff

·         (3) Workers as components within a complex machinery

·         (4) Limited authority for workers

·          

2.     According to the paragraph, what is one of the greatest needs of today's worker?

·         (1) Strict control of the workplace

·         (2) (3) Feeling in control of the workplace

·         Meaningful work

 

3.     What does the supervisor need to do to satisfy the worker's need for control?

·         (1) Hoard accountability

·         (2) (3) Delegate responsibility and provide limited authority

·         Strictly control the workplace

·         (4) Avoid worker training

 

4.     Why do supervisors often assume all responsibility and accountability, according to the paragraph?

·         Fear of losing control

·         (2) Fear of losing control of the workplace

·         (3) Worker empowerment

·         (4) Worker motivation

 

5.     What does delegating accountability provide workers with, according to the paragraph?

·         (1) Fear of losing control

·         (2) A sense of purpose

·         (3) Strict control of the workplace

·         (4) A vast chessboard

·          

6.     What is crucial for workers to feel when they have met their objectives?

·         Fear of losing control

·         (2) A feeling of achievement

·         (3) A sense of purpose

·         (4) Strict control of the workplace

 

7.     What does engaging with each worker and establishing common objectives foster, according to the paragraph?

·         (1) Fear of losing control

·         (2) Worker hoarding of accountability

·         (3) (4) A sense of security and clear understanding of expectations

·         A feeling of achievement

 

8.     What does the paragraph identify as the most potent motivator?

·         Fear of losing control

·         A vast chessboard

·         (3) A feeling of achievement

·         Strict control of the workplace

 

 

 

 

 

For positive changes to occur within the workplace, a fundamental shift in the supervisor's attitude towards the staff is imperative. Recognizing employees as human beings with emotions and necessities is crucial, dispelling the notion of them as mere components within a complex machinery. Present-day workers yearn for a sense of control over their workspace, emphasizing the need for a reversal in the traditional power dynamic. This shift begins with acknowledging that the staff's work holds significance. Delegating responsibility and providing limited authority empowers individuals to execute their roles effectively. Proper training equips them to shoulder the responsibility and authority granted. Unfortunately, supervisors often hoard accountability due to the fear of losing control, turning workers into mere pawns in a vast chessboard.

Contrary to this, delegating accountability imbues workers with a sense of purpose and the motivation to excel. The crucial step lies in engaging with each worker, collaboratively establishing common objectives and agreed-upon norms to achieve them. This not only provides workers with a clear understanding of expectations but also fosters a sense of security. Meeting these objectives instills a profound feeling of accomplishment, serving as the most potent motivator.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

1.     What does the paragraph emphasize as crucial for positive changes within the workplace?

·         (1) Maintaining a strict hierarchical structure

·         (2) A fundamental shift in the supervisor's attitude towards the staff

·         (3) Workers as components within a complex machinery

·         (4) Limited authority for workers

 

2.     According to the paragraph, what is one of the greatest needs of today's worker?

·         (1) Strict control of the workplace

·         (2) (3) Feeling in control of the workplace

·         Meaningful work

 

3.     What does the supervisor need to do to satisfy the worker's need for control?

·         (1) Hoard accountability

·         (2) (3) Delegate responsibility and provide limited authority

·         Strictly control the workplace

·         (4) Avoid worker training

·          

4.     Why do supervisors often assume all responsibility and accountability, according to the paragraph?

·         Fear of losing control

·         (2) Fear of losing control of the workplace

·         (3) Worker empowerment

·         (4) Worker motivation

 

5.     What does delegating accountability provide workers with, according to the paragraph?

·         (1) Fear of losing control

·         (2) A sense of purpose

·         (3) Strict control of the workplace

·         (4) A vast chessboard

 

6.     What is crucial for workers to feel when they have met their objectives?

·         Fear of losing control

·         (2) A feeling of achievement

·         (3) A sense of purpose

·         (4) Strict control of the workplace

 

7.     What does engaging with each worker and establishing common objectives foster, according to the paragraph?

·         (1) Fear of losing control

·         (2) Worker hoarding of accountability

·         (3) (4) A sense of security and clear understanding of expectations

·         A feeling of achievement

8.     What does the paragraph identify as the most potent motivator?

·         Fear of losing control

·         A vast chessboard

·         (3) A feeling of achievement

·         Strict control of the workplace

 

 

The immediate necessity confronting the world today is the establishment of a World Government or an International Federation of Mankind. This imperative is keenly felt by those desiring universal prosperity and happiness for all human beings. The existing problems in political, social, and cultural spheres could potentially dissolve if a singular global authority were in place. The hindrances faced by travelers, businessmen, seekers of knowledge, and missionaries attempting to spread righteousness are significant when navigating through the current fragmented geopolitical landscape.

In an interconnected world where individuals traverse countries, exchange goods, seek information, and strive for moral upliftment, the presence of multiple governments introduces impediments and obstructions. Historical divisions based on sects, skin color, or physical attributes have given way to a more enlightened era, where philosophical enlightenment dispels religious differences, scientific knowledge refutes social superiority theories, and modern inventions foster global interaction. However, despite these positive developments, the governments of various nations erect artificial barriers, fostering distinctions, promoting isolation, instilling unnecessary fears, and generating dangers in the minds of common people who inherently seek camaraderie.

The eradication of these societal ills becomes feasible with the presence of a unified global authority. A singular government would dismantle existing artificial barriers, eliminate unnatural distinctions, foster healthy global integration, and alleviate unnecessary fears and dangers. Such a paradigm shift aligns with the innate human desire for friendship and collaboration across borders.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

1.     What does the paragraph propose as an immediate necessity for the world?

·         (1) The establishment of regional governments

·         (2) The establishment of a World Government or an International Federation of Mankind

·         (3) The dissolution of existing governments

·         (4) The formation of religious sects

2.     According to the paragraph, who feels the keen desire for universal prosperity and happiness?

·         (1) Politicians

·         (2) Businessmen

·         (3) All those who wish to see all human beings happy and prosperous

·         (4) Travelers

 

3.     What potential outcome is suggested if there were one government all over the world?

·         (1) Increased artificial barriers

·         (2) Unhealthy isolation

·         (3) (4) Dissolution of problems in political, social, and cultural life

·         Increased fears and dangers

 

4.     According to the paragraph, what is a significant hindrance faced by individuals seeking to spread righteousness?

·         (1) Political affiliations

·         (2) Impediments and obstructions created by the fragmented geopolitical landscape

·         (3) Lack of philosophical enlightenment

·         (4) Social superiority theories

 

5.     What has exploded the darkness created by religious differences, according to the paragraph?

·         (1) Globalization

·         (2) (3) Philosophical enlightenment

·         (4) Sectarian divisions

 

6.     What, according to the paragraph, fosters global interaction in the modern era?

·         (1) Political divisions

·         (2) (3) Modern inventions

·         (4) Social superiority theories

 

7.     What do governments of various nations introduce, according to the paragraph?

·         (1) Unhealthy isolation

·         (2) Necessary fears

·         (3) (4) Artificial barriers, unnatural distinctions, and unnecessary fears and dangers

·         Global integration

 

8.     What aligns with the innate human desire for friendship and collaboration across borders?

·         (1) Sectarian divisions

·         (2) Globalization

·         (3) Philosophical enlightenment

·         (4) The presence of a unified global authority

 

 

 

The path to rectifying the societal ills spawned by a hasty and superficial grasp of the physical world lies in the advancement of the Human Sciences. The inadvertent changes brought about by newfound knowledge, especially when acquired by unaware populations, necessitate a deliberate focus on progress in understanding human dynamics. To forge a future surpassing the happiness of bygone eras, we must curb atavistic and destructive tendencies while actively adapting to the evolving landscape. In the contemporary milieu, fears are undeniably present, but rational hopes hold the promise of yielding positive outcomes.

A roadmap to a better world becomes apparent if we prioritize constructive thoughts over dwelling excessively on potential dangers. Science, despite its occasional unpleasant repercussions, inherently serves as a liberator—freeing individuals from the shackles of physical constraints and, in the future, emancipating them from the burden of destructive passions. The current juncture presents us with a critical choice—either teetering on the brink of calamity or achieving unprecedented glory. The challenges faced in our time are unparalleled, and the key to a felicitous future lies in the realm of Science.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

1.     What does the paragraph suggest is necessary to rectify societal ills?

·         (1) Relying on physical nature

·         (2) Embracing destructive passions

·         (3) Progress in the Human Sciences

·         (4) Superficial knowledge acquisition

 

2.     According to the paragraph, what is the role of Science in the liberation of individuals?

·         (1) Imposing physical constraints

·         (2) Fostering destructive passions

·         (3) Serving as a liberator

·         (4) Maintaining societal ills

 

3.     What does the paragraph propose as essential for achieving a happier future?

·         (1) Embracing fears

·         (2) Prioritizing physical constraints

·         (3) Focusing on progress in the Human Sciences

·         (4) Adapting to atavistic tendencies

 

4.     What, according to the paragraph, is likely to bear good fruit in the contemporary era?

·         (1) Dangers to be avoided

·         (2) Destructive passions

·         (3) Rational hopes

·         (4) Superficial knowledge acquisition

 

5.     What does the paragraph suggest as crucial for the present age?

·         (1) Embracing destructive passions

·         (2) Succumbing to fears

·         (3) (4) Balancing atavistic tendencies with necessary adaptations

·         (4) Avoiding the weight of constructive thoughts

 

6.     What, according to the paragraph, is Science's role in the present age?

·         (1) Embracing destructive passions

·         (2) Maintaining societal ills

·         (3) Serving as a liberator

·         (4) Fostering irrational fears

 

7.     What does the paragraph highlight as an unprecedented choice faced by the present age?

·         (1) A path devoid of progress in the Human Sciences

·         (2) Teetering on the brink of calamity or achieving unprecedented glory

·         (3) Embracing atavistic tendencies

·         (4) Remaining oblivious to newfound knowledge

 

8.     What is the paragraph's stance on fears and hopes in the present age?

·         (1) Fears are rational, but hopes are irrational

·         (2) Fears and hopes are both irrational

·         (3) Fears and hopes are both rational

·         (4) Fears are inevitable, but hopes are rational and likely to bear good fruit

 

 

 

 

 

A duty is not merely an obligation but a social contract inherent in the fabric of communal living. As social beings sharing a common space, we owe it to others to coexist harmoniously. The reciprocity between rights and duties is fundamental—what constitutes a right for one person may translate into a duty toward others. Viewing situations from the perspective of others underscores the interplay between these two facets of societal engagement. While legal rights are established by law, moral duty transcends these boundaries and holds a more profound impact.

Moral duty, rooted in ethical considerations, surpasses the efficacy of legal rights. The obligation to aid the less fortunate stems from moral duty, a responsibility owed to society as a whole. Creating conditions conducive to the welfare of humanity becomes not just a choice but a moral imperative. Likewise, the duty towards parents, marked by obedience and respect, emanates from a sense of responsibility ingrained in our conscience. This moral duty is not bound by legal constraints but arises from a deeper understanding of our interconnectedness.

The cultivation of a sense of duty is pivotal for the advancement of civilization. In contrast, hypocrisy stands in stark opposition to this sense of duty, characterized by insincerity and unfaithfulness. Duty, with its roots in sincerity and faithfulness, becomes the cornerstone for the proper evolution of a civilized society.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

1.     What does the paragraph emphasize as fundamental in communal living?

·         (1) Legal rights

·         (2) Social contracts

·         (3) Reciprocity between rights and duties

·         (4) Obligations to oneself

 

2.     What is highlighted as the foundation of the interplay between rights and duties?

·         (1) Legal boundaries

·         (2) Moral duty

·         (3) Viewing situations from others' perspectives

·         (4) Social obligations

 

3.     What, according to the paragraph, surpasses the efficacy of legal rights?

·         (1) Moral duty

·         (2) Social contracts

·         (3) Reciprocity

·         (4) Ethical considerations

4.     From where does the obligation to aid the less fortunate arise?

·         (1) Legal rights

·         (2) Social contracts

·         (3) Moral duty

·         (4) Reciprocity

5.     What is considered a moral imperative in the paragraph?

·         (1) Legal rights

·         (2) Social contracts

·         (3) Creating conditions for the welfare of humanity

·         (4) Reciprocity between rights and duties

 

6.     What is the origin of the duty toward parents, as per the paragraph?

·         (1) Legal constraints

·         (2) Sense of responsibility related to conscience

·         (3) Social contracts

·         (4) Reciprocity between rights and duties

 

7.     What is pivotal for the advancement of civilization, according to the paragraph?

·         (1) Legal rights

·         (2) Social contracts

·         (3) Reciprocity between rights and duties

·         (4) Cultivation of a sense of duty

 

8.     What stands in stark opposition to the sense of duty in the paragraph?

·         (1) Legal boundaries

·         (2) Hypocrisy

·         (3) Social contracts

·         (4) Reciprocity between rights and duties

 

 

Among the paramount tasks at hand, none surpasses the importance of fortifying the unity and solidarity of our people for the sake of our nation's strength and stability. Despite diverse appearances, our country has often stood resolute as a solid rock in the face of common threats, underscoring a profound underlying unity that threads through our diversity like gold. Regrettably, there have been instances of unsettling divisions, some marred by violence, disrupting the social fabric.

A debt of immeasurable gratitude is owed to Shri J.L. Nehruji for his profound commitment to democracy, both as a system of governance and a way of life. Our cultural heritage, rooted in a deep respect for human personality and the spirit of tolerance, contributes to the enduring strength of Indian life. I firmly believe that democracy thrives through persuasion, mutual accommodation, and a relentless pursuit of common ground as the foundation for action. In assuming my duties, I dedicate myself to upholding these principles.

Among the multitude of challenges we face, none evokes more distress than the dire poverty endured by tens of millions of our compatriots. My earnest aspiration is to alleviate, to some extent, the weight of poverty on our people. I am acutely mindful of the specific claims of the most backward sections, such as scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, who have borne the brunt of neglect and endured disabilities for centuries. Working towards the establishment of a more equitable social order is a responsibility that I embrace with pride.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

1.     What is considered of greater importance for the strength and stability of the nation?

·         (1) Diverse appearances

·         (2) Building up the unity and solidarity of the people

·         (3) Shri J.L. Nehruji's commitment to democracy

·         (4) Dire poverty endured by millions

 

2.     What metaphor is used to describe the unity of the country in the face of common danger?

·         (1) Resolute mountain

·         (2) Solid rock

·         (3) Golden thread

·         (4) Cultural heritage

 

3.     What aspect of Indian life contributes to enduring strength?

·         (1) Political diversity

·         (2) Religious fervor

·         (3) Respect for human personality and the spirit of tolerance

·         (4) Economic prosperity

 

4.     What is emphasized as the way democracy can work effectively?

·         (1) Authoritarian methods

·         (2) Coercive measures

·         (3) Methods of persuasion and mutual accommodation

·         (4) Imposition of power

 

5.     Who is acknowledged for the immeasurable debt related to democracy?

·         (1) Scheduled castes

·         (2) Shri J.L. Nehruji

·         (3) Scheduled tribes

·         (4) Both (2) and (3)

 

6.     What is expressed as the more distressing problem facing the country?

·         (1) Political divisions

·         (2) Cultural differences

·         (3) Economic challenges

·         (4) Dire poverty

 

7.     Whose claims are particularly remembered concerning poverty alleviation?

·         (1) Most backward sections

·         (2) General population

·         (3) Economic elites

·         (4) Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes

 

8.     What does the speaker aspire to work for?

·         (1) Preservation of cultural heritage

·         (2) Establishment of a more just social order

·         (3) Economic prosperity

·         (4) Political dominance

 

 

A stark contrast existed in the quality of individuals frequenting the two adjacent bridges, one crafted from brick, the other from stone. The former, located closer to town, attracted those of questionable character, unfazed by the scrutiny of public observation. These individuals, having been inconspicuous even in their prime, now faced ruin with a peculiar nonchalance. Rather than bemoaning their adversaries, they exhibited a resilience manifesting in spitting rather than sighing, expressing not the agony of the iron in their souls but a mere streak of bad luck. On the contrary, the denizens pausing at the more distant stone bridge exuded a more refined demeanor — individuals grappling with the ennui of idle time. Their gaze, unlike their counterparts on the adjacent bridge, fixated on the flowing water beneath. While those on the closer bridge cared not who observed their despondency, often surveying passersby with a nonchalant posture, those on the distant bridge avoided direct engagement with the road. Sensitive to their predicament, they diverted their attention to the current whenever a stranger approached, as if feigning interest in some elusive aquatic creature, although the river had long been depleted of such finned inhabitants due to years of poaching.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

1.     What is the key difference between the two bridges described in the paragraph?

·         (1) One is made of brick, the other of stone

·         (2) One is closer to town, the other distant

·         (3) One is higher, the other lower

·         (4) One is more decorated, the other plain

2.     Who preferred the bridge adjoining the town?

·         (1) Politer individuals

·         (2) Sensible people

·         (3) Those of lowest character

·         (4) Individuals with a refined demeanor

 

3.     How do those on the nearer bridge react to their ruin?

·         (1) Sighing at their adversaries

·         (2) Expressing agony of the iron in their souls

·         (3) Exhibiting nonchalance and spitting

·         (4) Seeking sympathy from passersby

 

4.     What do the individuals on the more distant bridge do when a stranger approaches?

·         (1) Survey passersby nonchalantly

·         (2) Spit to express resilience

·         (3) Watch the current as if interested in aquatic life

·         (4) Turn their backs to the parapet

 

5.     What characterizes those who pause on the more distant bridge?

·         (1) Ignorance of getting rid of weary time

·         (2) Nonchalance about their adversaries

·         (3) Politeness and refinement

·         (4) Resilience in the face of ruin

 

6.     What do individuals on the nearer bridge claim about their condition?

·         (1) Iron has entered into their souls

·         (2) They are down on their luck

·         (3) They face a peculiar nonchalance

·         (4) Both (2) and (3)

 

7.     What are the eyes of those on the more distant bridge mostly directed towards?

·         (1) The passerby on the road

·         (2) The running water below

·         (3) The parapet

·         (4) The running water below the parapet

 

8.     What is the demeanor of individuals on the nearer bridge when strangers approach?

·         (1) Surveying passersby nonchalantly

·         (2) Diverting attention to the current

·         (3) Facing the road with sensitivity

·         (4) Watching the passerby with curiosity

 

 

The greatest challenge confronting humanity, as discerned by many, is not science itself but the scourge of war. Science, as a discipline, merely mirrors the societal forces that envelop it. A discernible pattern emerges — in times of peace, science is a force for construction, while in times of war, it can be twisted towards destructive purposes. Science furnishes us with weapons that do not inherently generate war but undeniably escalate its brutality, bringing us perilously close to catastrophic outcomes. The ominous shadow of potential doom looms large, urging us to grapple with the imperative task at hand — not to restrain science but to halt the devastating tide of war. It is a collective endeavor demanding participation from every quarter, including the scientific community. The wake-up call arrived abruptly with the Hiroshima bomb, serving as a stark reminder that time is of the essence. The clock ticks relentlessly, and our efforts are still in their nascent stages. The pressing question before us is whether education, tolerance, understanding, and creative intelligence can keep pace with our accelerating capacity for self-destruction. The urgency of this inquiry is profound, requiring us to provide a definitive response within this generation. While science is positioned to assist us in seeking solutions, the ultimate responsibility rests squarely on our shoulders.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

1.     According to the paragraph, what is identified as the greatest enemy of mankind?

·         (1) Science

·         (2) War

·         (3) Time

·         (4) Destruction

 

2.     What does science reflect, according to the paragraph?

·         (1) Destructive forces

·         (2) Social forces

·         (3) Constructive forces

·         (4) Human intelligence

 

3.     In what ways does science manifest itself during times of peace and war?

·         (1) Destructively in both cases

·         (2) Constructively in peace and perverted in war

·         (3) Perverted in both cases

·         (4) Constructively in both cases

 

4.     What role does science play in the escalation of war, according to the paragraph?

·         (1) Provides weapons that make war more terrible

·         (2) Generates war

·         (3) Restrains war

·         (4) Promotes peace

 

5.     What is the main challenge highlighted in the paragraph?

·         (1) Curtailing science

·         (2) Stopping war

·         (3) Encouraging war

·         (4) Promoting scientific research

6.     What served as a wake-up call, according to the paragraph?

·         (1) Escalation of war

·         (2) Scientific discoveries

·         (3) Hiroshima bomb

·         (4) Social forces

 

7.     What urgent question does the paragraph pose?

·         (1) Can science destroy war?

·         (2) Can education and tolerance keep pace with our capacity to destroy?

·         (3) Can war be prevented through science?

·         (4) Can peace endure despite science?

 

8.     What is the responsibility of science, according to the paragraph?

·         (1) Restraining destructive forces

·         (2) Accelerating war efforts

·         (3) Assisting in finding solutions

·         (4) Initiating war

 

 

 

The Chinese have a unique tradition of assigning names to each new year, like the year of the Dog. Similarly, in our country, every year according to the Tamil calendar is bestowed with a name. In 1994, it was called Yuva Varsha, signifying the year of the youth. This practice extends to global realms, as demonstrated by the United Nations (UN), which designates specific themes to different years. For instance, in 1979, the UN declared it the year of the child, coinciding with the formulation of the rights of the child and hosting a World Conference focused on children. A notable instance is the year 1994, termed the year of the Family by the United Nations, underscoring the significance of familial bonds upheld by affection, regard, and mutual respect among its members.

The Bhagavad Gita, a revered scripture, imparts timeless wisdom on tolerance. It advocates an attitude where individuals exhibit equanimity towards friends and foes, the indifferent and the hateful, the righteous and unrighteous — a philosophy encapsulated in the concept of tolerance. The Gita hails those who embody tolerance as leaders, their actions serving as exemplars for others.

When disagreements arise, a common piece of advice is to step into the other person's shoes, examining the issue from their perspective. While this may not necessarily lead to agreement due to personal convictions, the practice of tolerance enables the acknowledgment of the other's right to hold differing views.

Mahatma Gandhi, a proponent of religious tolerance, viewed religion as a path to attain self-knowledge or self-realization. His profound statement, "I look at all religions with equanimity because they speak the same truth," emphasizes the universality of fundamental truths embedded in diverse religious traditions. Among all human behaviors, religious tolerance stands out as paramount, fostering understanding and harmony.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

1.     What is the significance of the Chinese tradition mentioned in the paragraph?

·         (1) Naming years based on animals

·         (2) Assigning names to each new year

·         (3) Celebrating the year of the Dog

·         (4) Following the Tamil calendar

 

2.     According to the UN, what did 1994 symbolize?

·         (1) The rights of the child

·         (2) The year of the Family

·         (3) The World Conference on children

·         (4) The year of the youth

 

3.     What does the Bhagavad Gita emphasize regarding tolerance?

·         (1) Indifference towards others

·         (2) Strict adherence to personal views

·         (3) Equanimity towards friends and foes

·         (4) Leadership without tolerance

 

4.     What advice is given when differences of opinion occur?

·         (1) Rejecting the other person's views

·         (2) Ignoring differences

·         (3) Stepping into the other person's shoes

·         (4) Refusing to evaluate the problem

 

5.     How does the Gita characterize individuals who practice tolerance?

·         (1) Followers

·         (2) Equanimous

·         (3) Leaders

·         (4) Indifferent

 

6.     According to Mahatma Gandhi, what is religion a way to attain?

·         (1) Political power

·         (2) Self-knowledge or self-realization

·         (3) Social status

·         (4) Material wealth

 

7.     What does Mahatma Gandhi's statement about religions imply?

·         (1) Religions speak different truths

·         (2) All religions speak the same truth

·         (3) Equanimity is unnecessary

·         (4) Religious tolerance is harmful

 

8.     What does the paragraph consider as paramount among human behaviors?

·         (1) Strict adherence to personal beliefs

·         (2) Avoidance of disagreements

·         (3) Religious tolerance

·         (4) Stepping into other people's shoes

 

 

The advent of technology has revolutionized the way we communicate, bridging gaps and transforming the world into a global village. However, this digital connectivity has not come without challenges. The proliferation of social media platforms, while fostering instant connections, has also raised concerns about privacy and the spread of misinformation. People are more interconnected than ever, yet there's a growing sense of isolation as face-to-face interactions decline. The constant influx of information poses a double-edged sword — offering knowledge on one hand and overwhelming individuals with data on the other. As we navigate this digital landscape, it becomes essential to strike a balance, harnessing the benefits while mitigating the drawbacks. Finding ways to foster genuine connections amidst the digital noise is crucial for maintaining healthy social relationships.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

1.     What is the primary focus of the paragraph?

·         (1) Historical evolution of technology

·         (2) Challenges posed by social media

·         (3) Impact of technology on communication

·         (4) The isolation caused by face-to-face interactions

 

2.     According to the passage, what has technology done to the world?

·         (1) Increased isolation

·         (2) Limited communication

·         (3) Transformed it into a global village

·         (4) Created challenges without benefits

 

3.     What concern is raised about social media platforms?

·         (1) Lack of connectivity

·         (2) Privacy and misinformation

·         (3) Face-to-face interactions

·         (4) Decreased global awareness

4.     What is the paradox associated with the constant influx of information?

·         (1) Information is always beneficial.

·         (2) Offers knowledge but overwhelms with data

·         (3) Information is always overwhelming.

·         (4) Knowledge is a double-edged sword.

 

5.     What does the paragraph suggest about face-to-face interactions?

·         (1) They are increasing in the digital age.

·         (2) They are irrelevant.

·         (3) They lead to isolation.

·         (4) They are declining.

 

6.     What does the passage emphasize regarding digital connectivity?

·         (1) It has no drawbacks.

·         (2) It is only beneficial for knowledge.

·         (3) Striking a balance is essential.

·         (4) Isolation is a positive outcome.

 

7.     What is crucial for maintaining healthy social relationships in the digital landscape?

·         (1) Limiting face-to-face interactions

·         (2) Finding ways to foster genuine connections

·         (3) Embracing isolation

·         (4) Ignoring the digital noise

 

8.     What is the overarching message of the paragraph?

·         (1) Digital connectivity is entirely detrimental.

·         (2) Balancing the benefits and drawbacks of technology is crucial.

·         (3) Isolation is the inevitable consequence of technology.

·         (4) Social media platforms are entirely secure.

 

In the contemporary world, the intertwining of technological progress with the notion of overall progress and the assessment of civilization based on material success has become a prevailing assumption. The belief persists that advancements in technology are synonymous with societal advancement, and material prosperity serves as the yardstick for measuring the level of civilization. This perspective raises concerns about the consequences of Eastern societies embracing machinery and techniques, mirroring the practices of Western nations. The fear is that such an adoption might lead to the establishment of extensive industrial complexes and formidable military forces, inevitably entangling these nations in power politics and succumbing to various temptations.

The scenario painted suggests a potential deviation from the true essence of progress if machines take center stage. The apprehension is that despite the advancements and achievements, the ultimate outcome would be futile. This concern is not region-specific; it is a universal challenge faced by both Eastern and Western societies. The looming danger and shared destiny create a sense of urgency in addressing the impact of technology on human civilization.

It is crucial to recognize that science and technology, in themselves, are neutral entities. They are neither inherently good nor bad. The key lies in managing and channeling these forces appropriately. Rather than demonizing them, the focus should be on taming these technological advancements and assigning them their rightful place in society. The cautionary note emphasizes that these tools become perilous only when they transform into idols, dictating the course of human affairs and overshadowing other aspects of a balanced and harmonious existence.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

1.     What is assumed to be synonymous with technological progress?

·         (1) Moral values

·         (2) Overall progress

·         (3) Linguistic diversity

·         (4) Cultural traditions

 

2.     According to the passage, what raises concerns about the Eastern societies adopting technology?

·         (1) Industrial organizations

·         (2) Cultural festivals

·         (3) Agricultural practices

·         (4) Artistic achievements

 

3.     What does the passage suggest about the potential consequences of machines taking control?

·         (1) Unfulfilled progress

·         (2) Enhanced societal harmony

·         (3) Accelerated spiritual growth

·         (4) Global political stability

 

4.     The universal challenge mentioned in the paragraph is faced by which societies?

·         (1) Eastern only

·         (2) Western only

·         (3) Both Eastern and Western

·         (4) Southern only

 

5.     What does the passage propose regarding the nature of science and technology?

·         (1) They are inherently destructive.

·         (2) They are neutral entities.

·         (3) They are solely beneficial.

·         (4) They are unpredictable.

 

6.     What is emphasized as the key to managing technological advancements?

·         (1) Demonizing them

·         (2) Assigning them a central role

·         (3) Taming and channeling them appropriately

·         (4) Ignoring their existence

 

7.     According to the passage, when do science and technology become dangers?

·         (1) When they are tabooed

·         (2) When they are embraced

·         (3) When they become idols

·         (4) When they are neglected

 

8.     What is the primary focus in dealing with the impact of technology, as per the passage?

·         (1) Embracing technological idolatry

·         (2) Demonizing scientific progress

·         (3) Taming and assigning a proper place

·         (4) Ignoring the challenges posed by technolog

 

 

In the timeless words of Francis Bacon, a principal fruit of friendship lies in the ease and discharge of the heart's fullness and swellings induced by various passions. Thoreau echoed this sentiment, considering friendship as one of life's great rewards. However, in today's cultural landscape, where relationships are scattered across diverse connecting platforms and debates surround the impact of Facebook 'friendships' on our happiness, the true essence of friendship is worth contemplating. Massimo Pigliucci, a CUNY Philosophy professor, delves into this exploration in "Answers for Aristotle: How Science and Philosophy Can Lead Us to a More Meaningful Life." Philosophers and cognitive scientists align in recognizing friendship as a crucial element of human happiness. Beyond academic definitions, friendship is seen as voluntary interdependence between individuals over time, aiming to facilitate socio-emotional goals and encompassing varying types and degrees of companionship, intimacy, affection, and mutual assistance. However, the research indicates that the enhancement of well-being through friendship is not about quantity but quality—highlighting that the number of friends, or Facebook 'friends,' is not the determining factor.

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs):

1.     According to Francis Bacon, what is a principal fruit of friendship?

·         (1) Accumulation of wealth

·         (2) Ease and discharge of heart's fullness

·         (3) Pursuit of knowledge

·         (4) Social recognition

 

2.     How does Thoreau view friendship in the context of life's rewards?

·         (1) As a burdensome duty

·         (2) As a trivial pursuit

·         (3) As one of life's great rewards

·         (4) As an unnecessary distraction

 

3.     What does Massimo Pigliucci explore in "Answers for Aristotle"?

·         (1) The impact of technology on friendships

·         (2) The science and philosophy of friendship

·         (3) The history of social media

·         (4) The cultural landscape of modern relationships

 

4.     According to philosophers and cognitive scientists, what role does friendship play in human happiness?

·         (1) A negligible role

·         (2) A detrimental role

·         (3) An essential role

·         (4) A temporary role

 

5.     What is the defining characteristic of friendship, according to academic definitions?

·         (1) Quantity of interactions

·         (2) Duration of acquaintance

·         (3) Voluntary interdependence over time

·         (4) Frequency of mutual assistance

 

6.     What, according to the research, determines the enhancement of well-being through friendship?

·         (1) Quantity of friends

·         (2) Quality of friendship

·         (3) Social media presence

·         (4) Geographical proximity

 

7.     In the context of Facebook 'friendships,' what does the research suggest about their impact on happiness?

·         (1) Positive impact

·         (2) Negative impact

·         (3) No impact

·         (4) Varied impact

 

8.     What is the primary focus of Massimo Pigliucci's exploration in "Answers for Aristotle"?

·         (1) Impact of social media on philosophy

·         (2) Integration of science and philosophy

·         (3) Critique of Aristotle's philosophy

·         (4) Historical analysis of friendship

 

 

The strength of Indian democracy is deeply rooted in its historical tradition, marked by the harmonious fusion of democratic ideals and the fervor for national independence—a characteristic feature of the Indian national movement long before it achieved independence in 1947. While the British maintained supreme authority until that pivotal year, the provincial elections of 1937 stand out as a significant exercise in democratic practice, providing a glimpse of India's democratic potential prior to full independence.

Remarkably, India remained relatively unscathed during the Pacific War, avoiding significant Japanese invasion. Post-war, the peaceful transfer of power to the Indian Congress Party marked a crucial turning point. By 1947, the process of 'Indianization' had already made substantial progress in the Indian Civil Service and the army, providing the new government with effective instruments of central control.

However, the post-independence era brought forth formidable challenges, primarily concerning ethnic diversity and the aspirations of various subnationalities. The Congress leadership, while attuned to the need for economic development and social reforms, may have underestimated the centrifugal forces of ethnic division as the masses became increasingly engaged in politics.

The Congress Party initially resisted recognizing any division of India based on linguistic lines, favoring the retention of old provinces that often disregarded linguistic boundaries. Pressure from below eventually led to the acceptance of linguistic States as the foundation of a federal 'Indian Union.' This shift presented new challenges for the Central Government, particularly in terms of linguistic diversity hindering the adoption of Hindi as the national language.

Moreover, State autonomy posed obstacles to centralized economic planning, with issues like land reforms falling under State jurisdiction. Large-scale economic projects necessitated cooperation between the Central Government and States, often proving elusive. The coordination of policies became even more complex when Congress governments in Delhi faced non-Congress parties in State offices.

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs):

1.     In the context of Indian democracy, what is identified as a significant strength?

·         (1) Military power

·         (2) Historical tradition

·         (3) Economic resources

·         (4) Political alliances

 

2.     What crucial event provided a real exercise in democratic practice before India gained national independence in 1947?

• (1) Independence Day
• (2) Provincial elections of 1947
• (3) Pacific War
• (4) Provincial elections of 1937

 

3.     What was a challenge faced by the Indian Congress Party after achieving independence?

• (1) Economic stagnation
• (2) Linguistic diversity
• (3) Military conflicts
• (4) Technological backwardness

 

4.     Why did the Congress Party initially resist recognizing divisions based on linguistic lines?

• (1) Lack of public support
• (2) Fear of economic instability
• (3) Preference for old provinces
• (4) External pressure from foreign nations

 

5.     What did the principle of linguistic States become the basis for in the post-independence federal structure?

• (1) Economic planning
• (2) Cultural exchange
• (3) Military alliances
• (4) Indian Union formation

 

6.     What hindered the adoption of Hindi as the national language?

• (1) Lack of legislative support
• (2) Linguistic diversity
• (3) Foreign intervention
• (4) Technological challenges

 

7.     Which factor made coordination of policies difficult in the post-independence scenario?

• (1) Unified political ideology
• (2) Opposition from neighboring nations
• (3) Presence of non-Congress parties in States
• (4) Centralized control over States

 

8.     What was a consequence of linguistic autonomy in States?

• (1) Simplification of economic planning
• (2) Enhanced cooperation with the Central Government
• (3) Increased State control over land reforms
• (4) Accelerated large-scale economic projects

 

With more than 3,000 languages spoken worldwide, English stands out as one of the richest languages. The Oxford English Dictionary catalogs approximately half a million words, though only 200,000 are in frequent use. This discrepancy is due to around 300,000 technical words not commonly found in ordinary dictionaries. English's closest rival in richness is Chinese, yet English holds the title for being one of the most widely spoken languages globally, second only to Mandarin Chinese. This linguistic prominence owes much to a universal human inclination – imitation.

The influence on English is evident in borrowed words like 'siesta' from Spanish, 'sputnik' from Russian, 'restaurant' from French, and 'super' from German. Even before the genius of drama, William Shakespeare, the words 'genius' and 'drama' were adopted from Greek. English, with its eclectic vocabulary, has absorbed linguistic treasures from various cultures across the ages.

But does English have anything original about it? The answer lies in its constant evolution and adaptation. A modern novelist commands a vocabulary of 10,000 to 15,000 words, while Shakespeare wielded an impressive 30,000. The average English speaker utilizes about 10,000 words, with only 5,000 in everyday conversation. This repetition of words contributes to a limited variety in our spoken and written language.

Now, if you were to guess how many different words of English are used in daily life, the answer might surprise you. A thorough examination reveals that the seemingly inconspicuous word 'the' frequently punctuates both spoken and written discourse. This unassuming article showcases the interplay of rich linguistic diversity and the pervasive use of certain words that anchor our expressions.

1. Why does English have a limited variety of words in everyday conversation?

• (1) Our vocabulary is unlimited.
• (2) We are not geniuses like Shakespeare.
• (3) Everybody is not highly educated.
• (4) We repeat a lot of words.

2. How many words are usually used by an English-speaking person?

• (1) 3,000
• (2) 5,000
• (3) 10,000
• (4) 15,000

 

3. Which of the following words is most often used in the English language?

• (1) a
• (2) the
• (3) is
• (4) one

4. The word that is similar in meaning to the word 'remarkable' is:

• (1) astonishing
• (2) remedial
• (3) remaining
• (4) optional

 

5. The word that is opposite in meaning to the word 'ordinary' is:

• (1) usual
• (2) complex
• (3) special
• (4) liable

 

6. Which part of speech is the underlined word in the following sentence? Did you ever try to find out?

• (1) Adverb
• (2) Adjective
• (3) Pronoun
• (4) Verb

 

7. How many words did William Shakespeare use in his works?

• (1) 5,000
• (2) 10,000
• (3) 20,000
• (4) 30,000

 

8. What makes English one of the richest languages?

• (1) Its simplicity
• (2) Its limited vocabulary
• (3) Constant evolution and adaptation
• (4) Its use of technical words

 

 

 

Decoding Health Decisions: Beyond Hospitals and Pills

If asked, “What matters are related to health, i.e., health decisions?” most of us would answer – hospitals, doctors, and pills. Yet, we are all making a whole range of decisions about our health which go beyond this limited area of doctors, pills, etc. For example, whether or not to smoke, take exercise, wear a seat belt, drive a motorbike, drink alcohol regularly, etc. The way we reach decisions and form attitudes about our health is only just beginning to be understood. The main paradox is why people consistently do things that are known to be very hazardous. Two interesting examples of this are smoking and not wearing seat belts. Addiction makes smokers keep on smoking, and whether to wear a seat belt or not is affected by safety considerations. Taken together, both these examples show how people reach decisions about their health. Understanding this process is crucial. Only then can we effectively change public attitude towards voluntary activities like smoking. Smokers run the risk of contracting heart disease, several times more compared to non-smokers. Even lung cancer. Despite extensive press campaigns which have regularly told smokers and car drivers the grave risks they are running, the number of smokers and non-wearers of seat belts has remained much the same. Although the numbers of deaths from road accidents and smoking are well publicized, they have aroused little public interest. If we give smokers the real figures of deaths caused by smoking, will it affect their views on the dangers of smoking? Unfortunately not. Many of the real figures are in the form of probable estimates, and evidence shows that people are very bad at understanding this kind of information.

Questions:

1.     Study the following statements:

·         (a) Though it is very dangerous, some people don’t quit smoking.

·         (b) Whether or not to drink alcohol is not a health decision.

·         (3) Both (a) and (b) are right.

 

2.     Smokers run double the risk of contracting heart disease. The word ‘contracting’ here means

·         (1) receiving

·         (2) removing

·         (3) catching

·         (4) avoiding

3.     An example of ‘limited area’ of health is:

·         (1) smoking

·         (2) taking exercise

·         (3) wearing a seat belt

·         (4) taking medicines

 

 

 

Navigating the Tide of Superstition: A Reflection on Science and Beliefs

As science progresses, superstitions ought to grow less. On the whole, that is true. However, it is surprising how superstitions linger on. If we are tempted to look down on savage tribes for holding such ideas, we should remember that even today, among most civilized nations, a great many equally stupid superstitions exist and are believed in by a great many people. Some people will not sit down thirteen at a table; or will not like to start anything important on a Friday; or refuse to walk under a ladder. Many people buy charms and talismans because they think they will bring them luck. Even in civilized nations today, many laws are made on the basis of principles which are just as much unproved. For instance, it is often held as a principle that white people are by nature superior to people of other colors. The ancient Greeks believed that they were superior to the people of Northern and Western Europe. The only way to see if there is anything in such a principle is to make scientific studies of a number of white and black and brown people under different conditions of life and find out just what they can and cannot achieve. It is, however, true that the increase of scientific knowledge does reduce superstition and also baseless guessing and useless arguments and practices. Civilized people do not argue and get angry about what water is composed of. The composition of water is known, and there is no argument about it.

Questions:

1.     We should not despise the savage tribes because:

·         (1) they do not believe in science.

·         (2) they indulge in useless arguments.

·         (3) they have stopped being superstitious.

·         (4) we are no less superstitious than they are.

 

2.     Which of the following has a scientific basis for it?

·         (1) We should not walk under a ladder.

·         (2) Number thirteen is inauspicious.

·         (3) Talismans and charms always bring luck.

·         (4) Fridays are as good as other days.

 

3.     Who believe in superstitions?

·         (1) All civilized nations.

·         (2) Only some civilized nations.

·         (3) Only some tribals.

·         (4) All tribals and some civilized nations.

 

4.     Study the following statements:

·         (a) Ancient Greeks were superior to other European nations.

·         (b) Science helps us fight superstitions.

·         (3) Both (a) and (b) are right.

 

5.     Which part of speech is the underlined word in the following sentence? On the whole that is true.

·         (1) Determiner

·         (2) Pronoun

·         (3) Conjunction

·         (4) Preposition

 

6.     Identify the part of speech of the underlined word in the following sentence. It is often held that as a principle.

·         (1) Pronoun

·         (2) Adverb

·         (3) Adjective

·         (4) Preposition

 

7.     Fill in the blank in the following sentence. _____ is opposite in meaning to the word ‘superior’.

·         (1) Higher

·         (2) Prior

·         (3) Inferior

·         (4) Lower

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

India's Vision of Independence: Socio-Economic Aspirations

The goal of independence was achieved in India through a prolonged struggle, during which the far-sightedness of the leaders of the freedom movement resulted in giving a final shape to our social and economic goals to be achieved after freedom. This vision aimed to build a self-reliant nation through the maximum utilization of resources in men and materials, establishing a noble and liberal society. It has been an article of faith amongst the policy planners in India that while economic strength determined the scope and quality of political freedom for millions, the quality of freedom depends on increased work and production in factories. It leads to a just and equal distribution of wealth among the people so that the poor can also enjoy the benefit of freedom. This, it is recognized, is possible only through increased employment opportunities in society. In human terms, democracy means the availability of equal opportunities to all people irrespective of caste, creed, sex, and religion to develop their personalities. It means access to education in Arts, Science, and Humanities and also awareness of our age-old values and traditions. It needs to be emphasized that Indian policy has been based on a concern for the individual not only as a worker working for the economic development of society but also as an end in itself. In the Indian context, the concept of national development goes far beyond economic growth; it is concerned with the creation of a nation united in one purpose, of people speaking different languages, professing different religions and rooted in a variety of cultures.

Questions:

1.     ‘while economic strength determined the scope’ The word ‘determined’ means

·         (1) established

·         (2) decried

·         (3) preferred

 

2.     ‘In the Indian context, the concept of’ The word ‘concept’ means

• (1) Curiosity
• (2) Idea
• (3) Care
• (4) Inception

 

3.     The Independence was achieved in India

• (1) through a long struggle
• (2) by self-reliant leadership
• (3) through violent means
• (4) by making use of every resource available

 

4.     Our leaders’ vision of independent India was based on

• (1) boycott of foreign goods
• (2) development of defence forces
• (3) economic self-reliance
• (4) diversification of employment

 

5.     In addition to economic growth our society, as a consequence, also needs

• (1) development of countryside.
• (2) to give importance to cultural variety.
• (3) to pay attention to climatic changes.
• (4) just and equitable distribution of wealth.

 

 

 

 

 

A Tapestry of Influence: Kamaladevi's Formative Years

The richness of Kamaladevi's childhood experience stemmed from a life that embraced tradition on one hand and exposure to the world of change, questioning, and questing on the other. Her father, a Senior Revenue Official, harbored progressive ideas, actively contributing to dismantling Brahminical restrictions. He encouraged Kamaladevi to follow her inclinations while ensuring her education and participation in social functions. Her grandmother served as a bold example, living the life of a scholar and fearless woman who traveled alone without fear of societal disapproval. Girjabai, Kamaladevi's mother, proved to be a dominant influence, discarding meaningless social customs, championing women's causes, and emphasizing education for independence.

1.     Her father did not believe in

·         (1) removing Brahminical restrictions

·         (2) giving freedom to children

·         (3) allowing children to join the adults in their activities

·         (4) female education

2.     Which of the following statements is NOT correct of her grandmother?

·         (1) She believed that women should lead a secure life.

·         (2) She loved to read books.

·         (3) She was not afraid of social criticism.

·         (4) She traveled unescorted.

3.     Which of the following statements is correct about her mother?

·         (1) She struggled through life smilingly.

·         (2) She observed faithfully all the social customs.

·         (3) She preferred studies to sports.

·         (4) She did not believe in adult literacy.

4.     Which two contradictory kinds of experience did Kamaladevi have in her childhood?

·         (1) Questioning and Questing

·         (2) Tradition and Change

·         (3) Childlike and Adult

·         (4) Social and Individual

5.     Study the following statements:

·         A. Kamaladevi’s mother read to her from newspapers and magazines.

·         B. Music was a source of great comfort to her.

·         (3) Both A and B are right.

6.     ‘which embraced tradition’ The word ‘embraced’ here means

·         (1) disused

·         (2) performed

·         (3) pleased

·         (4) followed

7.     ‘an example by overcoming all difficulties’ The word ‘overcoming’ means

·         (1) reaching

·         (2) not coming

·         (3) conquering

·         (4) overbearing

8.     ‘living a life, which embraced tradition, Which part of speech is the underlined word?

·         (1) Adjective

·         (2) Adverb

·         (3) Pronoun

·         (4) Determiner

 

 

 

 

 

Unseen Paragraph:

Ecosphere Explorers is an initiative committed to nurturing environmental stewards among young minds. Conducting week-long eco-camps worldwide, the organization caters to individuals aged 13 to 18 who are passionate about creating positive changes for our planet. Participants converge from diverse corners of the globe to delve into immersive sessions on sustainability, wildlife conservation, and ecological mindfulness. The daily schedule is dynamic, featuring expert-led workshops, outdoor activities, and collaborative community projects. The eco-camp ethos revolves around fostering a sense of environmental responsibility and instilling leadership qualities in the youth, empowering them to be catalysts for a greener future.

 

 

 

1.     Read the following statements and choose the correct option:

·         A. Ecosphere Explorers conducts week-long eco-camps worldwide.

·         B. Participants are typically aged between 13 and 18.

·         C. These young people come to learn about wildlife conservation and sustainability.

(2) A, B, and C are all correct.

2.     Why do young people from around the world attend these eco-camps?

·         (1) To while away their time

·         (2) To improve their leadership skills only

·         (3) To learn about wildlife conservation and sustainability

·         (4) For fun and friendships

 

3.     To prepare themselves and get warmed up for the busy day ahead, the young people:

• (1) Partake in some outdoor games.
• (2) Attend workshops.
• (3) Eat a heavy breakfast.
• (4) Get up as early as 7 a.m.

 

4.     In the afternoon, which of the following activities can camp members not select?

• (1) Outdoor activities and workshops
• (2) Wildlife conservation and sustainability discussions
• (3) Leadership skill sessions
• (4) Community projects and collaboration

 

5.     The camps are justifiably named 'Ecosphere Explorers' because:

• (1) They are action-packed throughout the day.
• (2) Young people work under group leaders.
• (3) Participants find it exciting to reach the camping site.
• (4) Members are encouraged to collaborate on community projects related to environmental issues.

 

6.     All the days at the eco-camp are:

• (1) Tiring and average.
• (2) Not the same routine-wise.
• (3) Action days.
• (4) Planned to collaborate on environmental projects with local organizations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unraveling the Unknown: A Tale of Wilderness Exploration

"Quick! We're running out of time!" exclaimed Jake, adjusting the straps of his backpack with a mischievous grin. The enthusiasm was infectious as the others couldn't help but join in, looking forward to the impending escapade. Their destination? Certainly not the monotonous school routine. The imposing school building faded into the distance, and with each step, their hearts embraced a newfound boldness. They navigated through the dense thicket with a sense of purpose. A hidden trail led them to an expansive meadow where a meandering brook promised unexpected adventures.

The serene brook, usually lively, now flowed lazily through the landscape, casting reflections of the overhanging trees. Undeterred by the thick underbrush, Jake, the ringleader, leaped across rocks to reach the water's edge. His clothes bore the marks of his adventurous descent, but the thrill of truancy outweighed any concerns about appearances. In no time, his comrades joined him, and laughter resonated through the secluded haven.

Their escapade wasn't merely about skipping obligations; it was an exploration of the untamed, a quest for the extraordinary in the ordinary. Nature's symphony echoed around them as they reveled in the joy of discovery. The meadow concealed secrets, and the trio reveled in the freedom of the unknown. A palette of wildflowers adorned the landscape, competing with the vibrant hues of their liberated spirits.

Inspired by the shimmering water, Jake impulsively chased after a dragonfly, embodying the carefree essence of their endeavor. The pursuit led him to the heart of the meadow, where a hidden trove of treasures awaited—a patch of elusive wild strawberries, ripe for the picking. Their value might be nominal, but the act of plucking them by hand added a priceless dimension to their adventure.

The escapade had begun, and the meadow, like their dreams, stretched limitless before them. In this haven of spontaneity, the trio forged memories that would linger, long after the echoes of their laughter had dissipated into the untamed wilderness.

Questions:

1.     The word ‘mischievous’ in the phrase ‘adjusting the straps of his backpack with a mischievous grin’ means:

·         (1) sneaky

·         (2) playful

·         (3) tricky

·         (2) playful

2.     Why did Jake adjust the straps of his backpack with a grin?

·         (1) To look more presentable

·         (2) To prepare for an impending escapade

·         (3) To trick his friends

·         (2) To prepare for an impending escapade

3.     What faded into the distance as they ventured further?

·         (1) The wilderness

·         (2) The imposing school building

·         (3) The meadow

·         (2) The imposing school building

4.     What did the brook promise in the meadow?

·         (1) Unexpected adventures

·         (2) A shortcut to school

·         (3) Hidden dangers

·         (1) Unexpected adventures

5.     How did Jake reach the water's edge?

·         (1) By walking carefully

·         (2) By leaping across rocks

·         (3) By wading through the stream

·         (2) By leaping across rocks

6.     What adorned the landscape of the meadow?

·         (1) Concrete structures

·         (2) Wildflowers

·         (3) School buildings

·         (2) Wildflowers

7.     What awaited Jake in the heart of the meadow?

·         (1) Hidden dangers

·         (2) A trove of treasures

·         (3) Dangerous animals

·         (2) A trove of treasures