Chetan’s first language was Bhojpuri. Since arriving in Tamil Nadu, he no longer speaks Bhojpuri and only speaks English with the natives. When the new second language replaces the native language, this is an example of :
(1) Code-switching
(2) Bilingualism
(3) Subtractive
bilingualism
(4) Code-mixing
Subtractive Bilingualism: Understanding Language Shift
Explanation:
1.
Code-switching:
·
Definition: Code-switching refers to the practice of
alternating between two or more languages or dialects within a conversation.
·
Example: Using both English and Spanish in the same
conversation.
2.
Bilingualism:
·
Definition: Bilingualism involves the ability to speak
and understand two languages proficiently.
·
Example: Being fluent in both English and French.
3.
Subtractive Bilingualism:
·
Definition: Subtractive bilingualism occurs when a new
language is acquired at the expense of the native language. The proficiency in
the native language diminishes over time as the new language takes precedence.
·
Example: Chetan initially spoke Bhojpuri but, upon
moving to Tamil Nadu, shifted to speaking only English, resulting in a
reduction in proficiency in Bhojpuri.
4.
Code-mixing:
·
Definition: Code-mixing involves incorporating elements
from one language into another within the same utterance or conversation.
·
Example: Alternating between English and Hindi words
within a sentence.
Conclusion:
Chetan's situation, where he no longer speaks Bhojpuri and exclusively uses
English after moving to Tamil Nadu, is an example of Subtractive Bilingualism
(3). In this case, the acquisition of English has led to a reduction in
proficiency or use of the native language (Bhojpuri).
